Ann Gardulf1, Hassan Abolhassani2, Rolf Gustafson3, Lars E Eriksson4, Lennart Hammarström5. 1. Division of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Karolinska University Hospital, Campus Flemingsberg, Stockholm, Sweden. Electronic address: ann.gardulf@ki.se. 2. Division of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Karolinska University Hospital, Campus Flemingsberg, Stockholm, Sweden; Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 3. Immunodeficiency Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. 4. Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, City, University of London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. 5. Division of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Karolinska University Hospital, Campus Flemingsberg, Stockholm, Sweden.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: A subgroup of patients with common variable immunodeficiencies (CVIDs) responds to vaccination. The aim of this study was to try to identify predictive markers for those with a humoral immune response after influenza vaccination. METHODS: Forty-eight patients with CVID (29 female and 19 male patients; mean age, 57.7 years) were vaccinated with the A(H1N1) influenza vaccine Pandemrix (GlaxoSmithKline, Wavre, Belgium) and boosted after 1 month. Blood samples were collected before each vaccination and 2 months later. Patients with a 4-fold titer increase in results on the hemagglutinin inhibition test (≥1:40) were considered responders and compared with nonresponders for clinical, immunologic, and genetic markers. RESULTS: Eight (16.7%) patients responded to the vaccination. A significantly higher proportion of the responders, who showed a EUROclass SmB-Trnorm21norm profile (P = .03) with a post-germinal center B-cell pattern (P = .04) in blood, experienced enteropathies (P = .04) compared with nonresponders. On the other hand, bronchiectasis was found exclusively among nonresponders (n = 7), as was autoimmune cytopenia (n = 5). Nonresponders with a EUROclass SmB-Trnorm21low profile (P = .02) had a significantly greater prevalence of progressive antibody deficiency (P = .048) and, at diagnosis, a higher mean serum IgM level (P = .03), lower mean serum IgG1 level (P = .007), expansion of absolute counts of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells (P = .033), and increased proportion of memory CD8+ T cells (P = .044) in blood. CVID-associated HLA markers were not detected in responders (P = .03). CONCLUSION: About one fifth of the patients with CVIDs achieved protective antibody levels after A(H1N1) vaccination and selected clinical, and immunologic markers were identified that might predict a positive outcome of influenza vaccination. Patients with CVID should be offered vaccination also against seasonal influenza because of the potential severity of the infection and risk for bacterial complications.
BACKGROUND: A subgroup of patients with common variable immunodeficiencies (CVIDs) responds to vaccination. The aim of this study was to try to identify predictive markers for those with a humoral immune response after influenza vaccination. METHODS: Forty-eight patients with CVID (29 female and 19 male patients; mean age, 57.7 years) were vaccinated with the A(H1N1) influenza vaccine Pandemrix (GlaxoSmithKline, Wavre, Belgium) and boosted after 1 month. Blood samples were collected before each vaccination and 2 months later. Patients with a 4-fold titer increase in results on the hemagglutinin inhibition test (≥1:40) were considered responders and compared with nonresponders for clinical, immunologic, and genetic markers. RESULTS: Eight (16.7%) patients responded to the vaccination. A significantly higher proportion of the responders, who showed a EUROclass SmB-Trnorm21norm profile (P = .03) with a post-germinal center B-cell pattern (P = .04) in blood, experienced enteropathies (P = .04) compared with nonresponders. On the other hand, bronchiectasis was found exclusively among nonresponders (n = 7), as was autoimmune cytopenia (n = 5). Nonresponders with a EUROclass SmB-Trnorm21low profile (P = .02) had a significantly greater prevalence of progressive antibody deficiency (P = .048) and, at diagnosis, a higher mean serum IgM level (P = .03), lower mean serum IgG1 level (P = .007), expansion of absolute counts of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells (P = .033), and increased proportion of memory CD8+ T cells (P = .044) in blood. CVID-associated HLA markers were not detected in responders (P = .03). CONCLUSION: About one fifth of the patients with CVIDs achieved protective antibody levels after A(H1N1) vaccination and selected clinical, and immunologic markers were identified that might predict a positive outcome of influenza vaccination. Patients with CVID should be offered vaccination also against seasonal influenza because of the potential severity of the infection and risk for bacterial complications.
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