Baseline Metabolic Risk Score and Postsurgical Esophageal Cancer-Specific Mortality: The Fujian Prospective Investigation of Cancer (FIESTA) Study.

Backgrounds: Compelling evidence has emerged to support a close relationship between metabolic syndrome and esophageal cancer (EC). Aims: Using five baseline metabolism-related markers, we constructed a metabolic risk score (MRS), aiming to test whether MRS can improve the prediction of postsurgical EC-specific mortality over traditional demographic and clinicopathologic characteristics.
Methods: Total 2535 EC patients who received three-field lymphadenectomy were enrolled from January 2000 to December 2010, and they were followed up until December 2015.
Results: All EC patients were randomly split into derivation group (n=1512, 60%) and validation group (n=1014, 40%). MRS was generated in derivation group by adopting the Framingham 'points' system and shrinkage method, and it ranged from -9 to 17. EC-specific mortality risk increased with the increase of MRS, and adjusted estimates were more obvious in patients with upper tertile (MRS>6) than patients with lower MRS (≤2) in either derivation (hazard ratio [HR]=2.28, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.90-2.73, P<0.001) or validation group (HR=2.11, 95% CI: 1.66-2.67, P<0.001) or both groups (HR=2.37, 95% CI: 1.95-2.88, P<0.001). In Kaplan-Meier curve, cumulative survival rates differed significantly across tertiles of MRS. Further analysis indicated that MRS can improve classification accuracy and discriminatory ability over clinicopathologic parameters. Conclusions: Our findings supported the usefulness of baseline MRS in predicting the prognosis of postsurgical EC-specific mortality.

Introduction

Esophageal cancer (EC) is among the top five most prevalent types of cancer in China, with the EC toll rising to an estimated 477,900 new cases and 375,000 deaths in 2015. There are two major types of EC: esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), and their prevalence varies widely across countries 1. In China, the most prevalent type is ESCC, which accounts for upwards of 90 percent of EC cases, while the incidence of EAC by contrast is progressively increasing in the U.S. during recent decades 2,3. Early EC is asymptomatic, and it is often diagnosed at an advanced stage. Epidemiological studies have shown that EC is a devastating disease and has a poor prognosis, with the 5-year survival rate of approximately 20% in China 4,5. Despite decades of achievements in cancer management and introduction of numerous candidate or putative markers, improvements in the diagnosis and prognosis of EC are still unsatisfactory. Due to complexity of esophageal carcinogenesis, it is a reasonable proposal to adopt a panel of markers for early detection and targeted intervention to reduce escalating burden of EC worldwide. Therefore, the adoption of risk prediction models for the development of EC will no doubt improve its prognosis.

Compelling evidence has emerged to support a close relationship between metabolic syndrome and cancer risk 6-8. Metabolic syndrome represents a clustering of cardiovascular risk factors, including obesity, dysglycemia, elevated blood pressure, high circulating triglyceride (TG) and low circulating high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC). More recently, we in an ongoing prospective cohort study - the Fujian prospective investigation of cancer (FIESTA) study 9-15, have assessed the prediction of baseline metabolic syndrome and its components for cancer specific mortality of common digestive malignancies. Importantly, our findings have demonstrated that the concomitance of baseline metabolic syndrome was identified as a significant independent predictor for high ESCC-specific mortality after three-field lymphadenectomy. As an essential and necessary supplement to our previous findings and in light of carcinogenic potentials of metabolic syndrome, we constructed a metabolic risk score (MRS) using five baseline metabolism-related markers by adopting the methodology of the Framingham coronary heart disease prediction model 16, aiming to test whether MRS can improve the prediction of postsurgical EC-specific mortality over traditional demographic and clinicopathologic characteristics.

Methods

Study patients

As a part of FIESTA study 9-15, the current study involved 2886 EC patients who were consecutively admitted at Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Cancer Hospital to receive three-field lymphadenectomy for the first time, and were safely discharged after the surgery during the period between January 2000 and December 2010. At the time of recruitment, all patients gave written informed consent for use of blood and tissue samples, as well as subsequent analyses. Meanwhile, they completed questionnaires on demographic and anthropometric characteristics, including birthdate, age at the surgery for EC, gender, smoking, drinking and family cancer history. Ethical approval was obtained from the ethics committee of Fujian Cancer Hospital (No. SQ2015-070-01).

Diagnosis

EC diagnosis was confirmed by presurgical biopsies or postsurgical pathologic analyses. Moreover, all study patients received no presurgical and postsurgical chemotherapy or radiotherapy.

Blood and tissue samples

Fasting venous blood samples were drawn at the day before receiving three-field lymphadenectomy for EC when patients were fasted overnight. During the surgery, paired cancerous tissue and normal esophagus tissue were excised from each patient, and they were fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin and paraffin-embedded using standard procedures.

Fasting blood samples were used to measure blood glucose, TG, total cholesterol (TC), HDLC and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC). All measurements were done according to the same standard procedures by qualified operators at the same hospital. Tissue samples were used for clinicopathological analysis at the Department of Pathology of Fujian Cancer Hospital.

Demographic measurement

Body weight and height were measured at the time of admission when study subjects wore light clothes and were barefooted. Body mass index (BMI) was computed as the weight (kilogram)/height (meter)2. Arterial systolic/diastolic blood pressure (SBP/DBP) was measured with conventional mercury sphygmomanometer on three occasions of at least 5 min intervals by certified examiners. Smoking was grouped into ever (former or current) smoking and never smoking. Drinking was grouped into ever (former or current) drinking and never drinking. A patient was recorded to have a positive family cancer history if one or more of his/her affected relatives within three generations had suffered any malignances besides the non-melanoma skin cancer.

Clinicopathologic evaluation

After the surgery, clinicopathologic data were abstracted from pathological reports, including histological type of EC (ESCC, EAC and esophageal neuroendocrine carcinomas), tumor size, tumour node metastasis (TNM) stage (I, II, III and IV per the 7th Edition of the UICC/AJCC TNM Staging System 17), depth of invasion (T1-T4), regional lymph node metastasis (LNM) (N0-N3), distant metastasis (M0 and M1), tumor location (upper, middle and lower esophagus), histological differentiation (well, moderate and poor differentiation) and tumor embolus.

Metabolic risk score

According to diagnostic criteria proposed by the Chinese Diabetes Society in 2004 18, metabolic syndrome is defined by the coexistence of three or more of the following symptoms: obesity (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2), hyperglycemia (fasting glucose ≥ 6.1 mmol/L or 2-hour plasma glucose ≥ 7.8 mmol/L or previously diagnosed diabetes), hypertension (SBP/DBP ≥ 140/90 mmHg or under antihypertensive therapy) and dyslipidemia (TG ≥ 1.7 mmol/L or HDLC < 0.9 mmol/L in men or < 1.0 mmol/L in women). Considering the close relevance between SBP and DBP, pulse pressure (PP), the difference between SBP and DBP, was calculated accordingly. As these factors of metabolic origin tend to occur together, MRS was hence generated based on baseline BMI, PP, fasting glucose, TG and HDLC.

As far as we know, the Framingham heart study has led the development and dissemination of multivariable statistical models to estimate the risk of coronary heart disease. The Framingham heart study has introduced a 'points' system that can construct complex statistical models more practical for clinicians 19. Given the overestimating risk of multivariate regression model associating metabolism-related factors with postsurgical mortality, shrinkage method was adopted to abate this risk 20. In this present study, we employed the rationales of 'points' system and the validity of shrinkage method to generate MRS when all five metabolism-related factors were analyzed in quintiles, and the detailed process is illustrated in Supplementary Table 1.

Follow-up assessment

After discharge from the hospital, all patients were followed up every six to twelve months at the Out-Patient Department of Fujian Cancer Hospital or via phone calls or postal letters if the patients missed appointments or failed to appear. Death from EC was defined as the clinical event of concern. The time to event was calculated in months from the date of surgery to death date or date of the last follow-up, whichever occurred first. The minimum postsurgical 5-year follow-up for study patients provided us the ability to make predictions at the 5-year time point.

Prior to December 2015, approximately 5% (n=147) and 7% (n=204) of study patients after discharge were lost to follow-up and died from causes other than EC, respectively. The baseline and clinicopathologic characteristics of these 351 patients are presented in Supplementary Table 2. Consequently, 2535 patients with complete survival data were eligible in the final analysis, and age range was 30-88 years. At the end the latest follow-up in 2015, 1265 deaths from EC occurred, leaving 1270 survivors. The 5-year survival rate of 2535 patients was 52.2%, comparable with the corresponding number reported in previous studies 21,22.

Statistical analysis

According to previous experience 23, we developed MRS in a randomly selected 60% of study patients (derivation group: n=1512), and validated it in the rest 40% patients (validation group: n=1014). The demographic and clinicopathologic characteristics were compared between derivation and validation groups by using unpaired t-test or Mann-Whitney U-test or χ2-test as appropriate. Based on distributions, aforementioned five metabolism-related factors were categorized into quintiles. Crude and adjusted risk estimates of derived MRS, both in isolation and in tertiles, for EC-specific mortality were quantified using the multivariate Weibull proportional hazards regression model, mainly because EC mortality rate exhibited a smooth increasing tendency over the annual follow-up from the year 2000 to 2015 and from the statistical aspect that the ln(-ln(S(t))) was a linear function of ln(t) (Here, t denotes survival time and S(t) denotes survival function). Kaplan-Meier curve was plotted according to the tertiles of derived MRS, and cumulative survival rates were compared with Log-rank test. Median survival time was calculated by tertile classification of derived MRS.

Clinical usefulness of derived MRS was evaluated by using decision curve analysis 24. Decision curve analysis is methodologically based on the prediction of modified risk model over original model. Decision curve analysis was illustrated as a graph, with the x-axis denoting thresholds for EC-specific mortality and the y-axis denoting net benefit for different thresholds. A higher net benefit is provided by these prediction models that are farthest away from solid curve line when assuming all EC-specific mortality and dotted horizontal line when assuming none EC-specific mortality.

The added usefulness (i.e. predictive accuracy for EC-specific mortality) of derived MRS to the widely-accepted TNM staging system was assessed from both discrimination and calibration aspects. With regard to discrimination, both Harrell C-statistic and area under the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves were calculated to inspect whether derived MRS had an ability to differentiate among patients who died of EC or survived. Areas under the ROC curve were compared accordingly between models with and without derived MRS. For calibration, -2 log likelihood ratio test, as well as Akaike information criterion (AIC) and Bayesian information criterion (BIC) were performed to assess how closely the predictive probabilities of estimated risk for EC-specific mortality by adding derived MRS reflected actual observed risk, as well as global fit of models.

Data were managed by using STATA/SE software Release 14.1 (StataCorp, TX, USA) on the Macintosh. A significance level of P<0.05 was used unless otherwise stated, and all tests were two-sided.

Results

Comparison of derivation and validation groups

Total 2535 postsurgical EC patients were randomly split into the derivation and validation groups, incorporating 1512 (60%) and 1014 (40%) patients, respectively. The demographic and clinicopathologic characteristics of the two groups are compared in Table 1. Except for esophagus location with marginal difference (P=0.059), all demographic and clinicopathologic characteristics were perfectly comparable between the two groups. Median survival time was 92.2 months in derivation group and 113.3 months in validation group, the difference being nonsignificant (P=0.2411).

Table 1

Comparison of baseline characteristics between patients in derivation and validation groups

Characteristic	Derivation group	Validation group	P
Number	1512	1014
Age (years)	56.65 (9.41)	56.76 (9.07)	0.765
Sex (M)	76.59%	75.35%	0.470
BMI (kg/m2)	22.26 (2.96)	22.38 (3.09)	0.336
Ever smoking	41.93%	41.81%	0.961
Ever drinking	19.78%	20.51%	0.674
Family history (+)	12.90%	15.29%	0.104
SBP (mmHg)	123.80 (17.69)	124.58 (19.16)	0.292
DBP (mmHg)	77.47 (10.42)	77.51 (19.16)	0.921
FBG (mmol/L)	6.12 (2.53)	6.10 (2.56)	0.828
TG (mmol/L)	1.19 (0.87)	1.20 (0.94)	0.755
TC (mmol/L)	4.84 (1.04)	4.83 (1.04)	0.852
HDLC (mmol/L)	1.12 (0.41)	1.13 (0.44)	0.409
LDLC (mmol/L)	3.19 (0.94)	3.19 (0.93)	0.999
Esophagus location			0.059
Upper	8.99%	11.24%
Middle	81.94%	77.91%
Lower	9.07%	10.85%
Histological differentiation			0.324
Well	15.08%	14.00%
Moderate	63.76%	66.67%
Poor	21.16%	19.33%
Depth of invasion			0.301
T1-T2	28.70%	28.50%
T3-T4	71.30%	71.50%
Regional LNM			0.414
N0	43.85%	43.29%
N1	26.52%	25.25%
N2	18.98%	21.60%
N3	10.65%	9.86%
TNM stage			0.302
I	8.66%	10.45%
II	32.87%	32.15%
III	58.47%	57.40%
Tumor embolus (+)	16.14%	17.26%	0.472
Tumor size (cm)	4.53 (2.08)	4.41 (1.97)	0.163

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBG, fasting blood glucose; TG, triglycerides; TC, total cholesterol; HDLC, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDLC, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LNM, lymph node metastasis; TNM, tumour node metastasis. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation or percentage. P was calculated by the t-test or the Mann-Whitney U test or the Chisq test, where appropriate.

Based on the Framingham 'points' system and shrinkage method, each of five baseline metabolism-related factors in derivation group was classified into quintiles and standardized into scores (Supplementary Table 1). For each patient, individual scores were summed to generate a total score value, termed as MRS, which ranged from -9 to 17 in derivation group. The frequency distributions of derived MRS are plotted in Figure 1.

Figure 1

Distributions of derived metabolic risk score in derivation (the upper panel) and validation (the lower panel) groups. The number on the bar represents the count of individual metabolic risk score.

Prognostic prediction

In view of the low frequencies of extreme scores, we combined patients with MRS equal to or less than 6 together as a single score group, as well as for MRS equal to or greater than 15. The risk prediction of derived MRS, both in isolation and in tertiles, for EC-specific mortality is summarized in Table 2 and Table 3, respectively. In view of statistical power, individual assessment of derived MRS was implemented in all study patients with and without considering demographic and clinicopathologic characteristics.

Table 2

Risk prediction of individual metabolic risk scores for esophageal cancer-specific mortality in all study patients

MRS	Num. of patients	cHR	95% CI	P		aHR	95% CI	P*
≤ -6	104	0.82	0.55-1.22	0.321		0.95	0.63-1.45	0.820
-5	86	0.68	0.44-1.05	0.083		0.58	0.37-0.91	0.019
-4	103	0.91	0.62-1.33	0.616		0.88	0.58-1.34	0.555
-3	138	0.84	0.59-1.21	0.355		0.93	0.64-1.35	0.704
-2	180	0.94	0.68-1.30	0.703		0.91	0.65-1.29	0.615
-1	177	0.90	0.65-1.24	0.514		0.88	0.62-1.25	0.484
0	213	1.00	Reference group			1.00	Reference group
1	191	0.99	0.73-1.36	0.968		1.00	0.71-1.40	0.988
2	200	0.93	0.67-1.28	0.648		0.86	0.61-1.22	0.401
3	188	0.98	0.71-1.35	0.884		0.95	0.68-1.34	0.777
4	170	1.18	0.86-1.62	0.309		1.15	0.82-1.62	0.415
5	129	1.19	0.85-1.66	0.320		1.01	0.701.45	0.953
6	89	1.15	0.77-1.70	0.499		1.10	0.73-1.67	0.648
7	71	1.58	1.08-2.33	0.020		1.38	0.92-2.07	0.123
8	70	1.60	1.08-2.36	0.018		1.31	0.87-1.98	0.191
9	52	1.91	1.26-2.90	0.002		1.60	1.04-2.46	0.034
10	37	2.41	1.56-3.72	<0.001		1.83	1.15-2.93	0.011
11	41	1.91	1.24-2.95	0.004		1.46	0.91-2.33	0.113
12	78	2.14	1.48-3.11	<0.001		1.62	1.10-2.39	0.015
13	61	1.68	1.14-2.50	0.009		1.36	0.9-2.06	0.143
14	59	2.15	1.45-3.19	<0.001		1.74	1.15-2.63	0.009
≥ 15	100	2.08	1.47-2.93	<0.001		2.03	1.40-2.95	<0.001

Abbreviations: MRS, metabolic risk score; cHR, crude hazard ratio; aHR, adjusted hazard ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval. MRS ranges from -9 to 17. *P was calculated after adjusting for age, sex, smoking, histological differentiation, esophagus location, tumor embolus, tumor size, regional lymph node metastasis, subtype of esophageal cancer and tumour node metastasis stage.

Table 3

Risk prediction for esophageal cancer-specific mortality upon the tertile comparisons of metabolic risk score

Group	Comparison*	HR	95% CI	P**
Derivation	T2 vs. T1	1.43	1.17-1.75	<0.001
	T3 vs. T1	2.28	1.90-2.73	<0.001
Validation	T2 vs. T1	1.35	1.05-1.74	0.020
	T3 vs. T1	2.11	1.66-2.67	<0.001
Combined	T2 vs. T1	1.22	1.04-1.43	0.016
	T3 vs. T1	2.37	1.95-2.88	<0.001

Abbreviations: HR, hazard ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval. *T1: metabolic risk score ≤ 2 (low); T2: metabolic risk score > 2 & ≤ 6 (middle); T3: metabolic risk score > 6 (high). **P was calculated after adjusting for age, sex, smoking, histological differentiation, esophagus location, tumor embolus, tumor size, regional lymph node metastasis, subtype of esophageal cancer and tumour node metastasis stage.

As expected, there was a tendency of increase in the magnitude or risk prediction with the increase of MRS (Table 2). When MRS was grouped in tertiles, risk prediction was more obvious among patients with upper tertile (MSR>6) than patients with lower MRS (≤2) in either derivation group (HR=2.28, 95% CI: 1.90-2.73, P<0.001) or validation group (HR=2.11, 95% CI: 1.66-2.67, P<0.001) or combined group (HR=2.37, 95% CI: 1.95-2.88, P<0.001) after adjusting for demographic and clinicopathologic characteristics (Table 3).

Cumulative survival difference

As illustrated in Figure 2, Kaplan-Meier curve was plotted by the tertiles of derived MRS in both derivation and validation groups. EC patients in middle and upper tertiles of derived MSR had significantly lower median survival time than those in lower tertile in both derivation (30 months and 77.1 months vs. 163 months) and validation (32.4 months and 113 months vs. 163 months) groups. Log-rank test revealed remarkable significance in both groups (P<0.0001).

Figure 2

Kaplan-Meier curves by the tertiles of derived metabolic risk score for esophageal cancer-specific mortality in derivation (the upper panel) and validation (the lower panel) groups. Abbreviations: MRS, metabolic risk score; MST, median survival time.

Decision curve analysis

The added usefulness of derived MRS was evaluated graphically by decision curve analysis, as shown in Supplementary Figure 1. The net benefit for the addition of MRS over demographic and clinicopathologic characteristics was significant in both derivation and validation groups, justifying the practicality of derived MRS on clinical decision-making.

Risk stratification and re-stratification

ROC analysis revealed that Harrell C-statistic for the model with TNM stage alone was 0.721, which was increased to 0.743 with the addition of derived MRS in derivation group, and this increase was from 0.732 to 0.753 in validation group (Table 4). There was significant improvement in area under the ROC curve after adding MRS to TNM stage in both derivation and validation groups.

Table 4

Comparison of risk prediction models including TNM stage with and without metabolic risk score in both derivation and validation groups

	Derivation group			Validation group
	TNM stage	TNM stage + MRS		TNM stage	TNM stage + MRS
Discrimination
C-statistic	0.721	0.743		0.732	0.753
AUC (95% CI)	0.722 (0.696, 0.748)	0.736 (0.710, 0.762)		0.737 (0.705, 0.769)	0.751 (0.719, 0.782)
ROC curve comparison	0.0125			0.0210
Calibration
Likelihood ratio test	Chisq: 45.52 (P<0.0001)			Chisq: 26.24 (P<0.0001)
AIC	3169.57	3126.05		1975.27	1951.04
BIC	3227.11	3188.82		2028.15	2008.72

Abbreviations: TNM, tumour node metastasis; MRS, metabolic risk score; AUC, area under the curve; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; ROC, receiver operating characteristic; Chisq, Chi-squared; AIC, Akaike information criterion; BIC, Bayesian information criterion.

Calibration performance for the addition of derived MRS to TNM stage was evaluated by likelihood ratio test, as well as by AIC and BIC (Table 4). The significance of this test and the improvement in AIC and BIC, which measured the relative quality of a statistical model, indicated that MRS was indeed a part of the true model and carried a better fit.

Discussion

As an essential supplement to our recent investigations on single metabolic elements 9,14, we, in this current study, borrowed successful experience of the Framingham heart study 19, and constituted MRS based on five baseline metabolism-related factors among 2535 EC patients from the ongoing FIESTA study 9-15. Our findings supported the usefulness of baseline MRS in predicting the prognosis of postsurgical EC-specific mortality, underscoring the importance of monitoring metabolic risk factors before the surgery and the usefulness of MRS for risk stratification and therapeutic decision making.

Some studies have shown that metabolic syndrome represents a high-risk state triggering the development of cancer at many sites, including the esophagus 25-27. During the latest decade, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome is continuously on the rise worldwide, and in mainland China, a large national survey in 2010 documented that the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 33.9% 28. It is widely recognized that insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia are hallmarks of metabolic syndrome, which is clinically featured by a collection of symptoms that can lead to heart disease, diabetes and cancer 29-31. In return, growing data have supported the association of cancer at many sites with some symptoms of metabolic syndrome 32,33. Although the exact mechanism linking metabolic syndrome to cancer thus far remains largely unknown, a working hypothesis is proposed about insulin resistance and insulin-like growth factor 1 system, mainly involving the contributions of adipokines, free fatty acids and aromatase activity 34. Undoubtedly, the relationship between metabolic syndrome and EC needs additional investigations, such as from the aspect of clinical epidemiology.

In a large-scale prospective cohort study based on three European countries (the Me-Can project), metabolic syndrome was found to be associated with the risk of EAC, but not ESCC, and this association was largely mediated by BMI, an index of general obesity 35. In an older population from the SEER-Medicare database, the presence of metabolic syndrome can account for increased EAC risk in males free of GERD and females regardless of GERD status 25. However, existing data on the prognosis of metabolic syndrome for postsurgical EC are very limited, including only two studies from China 14,36. One study by Wen and colleagues retrospectively reviewed survival of 596 EC patients by metabolic syndrome, and they surprisingly found that metabolic syndrome was associated with a better prognosis after the surgery and improved histological differentiation 36. The other was our recent FIESTA study 14, which indicated that baseline metabolic syndrome was an independent risk predictor for a poor prognosis of postsurgical ESCC males, to which hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia contributed remarkably. Our findings are of clinical importance, while understanding how these metabolism-related factors act at an individual or population level will represent a challenging paradigm for application of metabolic syndrome to EC-specific morality, which further motivates the implementation of this present study to quantify the magnitude of EC-specific mortality risk conferred by the accumulation of metabolic symptoms.

There are various modelling means in assessing the development of common complex diseases by synthesizing multivariate data for clinical use, such as the Framingham heart study 'points' system 19, survival-rate-based score system 37, standardized Z-score system 38 and so on. Among them, the Framingham heart study 'points' system is widely accepted as the most popular methodology for developing multivariable models to estimate the risk of cardiovascular disease 39. We here drew lessons from this 'points' system and modified scores using the shrinkage method, to construct MRS based on five metabolism-related factors. To appraise the performance and clinical usefulness of this score, we generated MRS in derivation group, and justified its predictive utility in validation group. More importantly, incorporation of derived MRS can significantly improve discriminatory ability over the model containing traditional clinicopathologic parameters including TNM stage for postsurgical EC-specific mortality. Additionally, there was a great improvement in classification accuracy of traditional clinicopathologic model that incorporated MRS in both derivation and validation groups, reinforcing the appropriateness of the Framingham 'points' score system. However, as both derivation and validation groups were enrolled from the FIESTA study, and the generalizability of derived MRS to another population is limited. We agree that it would be a critical next step, with the aid of collaborative efforts and international consortia, to further externally validate the utility and usefulness of this derived MRS, with the ultimate goal of facilitating clinical decision-making and being applicable to individualized or precise medicine.

There are some limitations to this study. The main limitation may be the recruitment of study patients from a single cancer hospital consecutively from 2000 to 2010, and our findings could be better generalized if they can be repeated in other independent populations. Also, the present findings cannot be directly extrapolated to the general population, as only patients who received the surgery for EC were recruited. Moreover, the 5-year survival rate of these patients reached 52.2%, which was exceedingly higher than the general population. In addition, data on anti-metabolic syndrome agents were only available for a very small proportion of study patients, and failure to adjust for drug regimens tended to bias risk prediction. Furthermore, only baseline metabolism-related factors were assessed, and frequently monitoring of these factors and analyzing their dynamic changes may provide valuable information on the prognostic appraisal of EC patients.

Taken together, extending our previous findings on metabolic syndrome and ESCC prognosis in the FIESTA study, we provided supportive evidence for the usefulness of baseline MRS in predicting the prognosis of postsurgical EC-specific mortality. This MRS can not only improve classification accuracy, but also improve discriminatory ability over the model containing traditional clinicopathologic parameters including TNM stage. From a medical prospective, it seems warranted for future well-designed prospective investigations to confirm the usefulness of this derived MRS for translational application in routine clinical practice and to decipher underlying mechanisms of metabolism-related factors in affecting the prognosis of EC patients.

Supplementary figures and tables.

Click here for additional data file.