An illustrated key to the genera of Eumeninae from China, with a checklist of species (Hymenoptera, Vespidae).

An illustrated key to the currently recognized genera of the subfamily Eumeninae (Vespidae) from China is presented together with a list of 267 species and subspecies, belonging to 51 genera. Nortozumia van der Vecht, 1937 is reported for the first time from China. Two replacement names are proposed for junior primary homonyms: Ancistrocerus rufofrustius Tan & Carpenter, nom. n. replacing Ancistrocerus rufopictus (Kostylev) and Orientalicesa confasciatus Tan & Carpenter, nom. n. replacing Orientalicesa unifasciatus (von Schulthess, 1934).

Introduction

or potter wasps are the largest subfamily of the with 3773 valid species in 205 genera (Carpenter 1986; Zhou et al. 2011; Tan et al. 2015, 2018a; Pannure et al. 2016; Carpenter unpubl.). have a cosmopolitan distribution and are morphologically very diverse. The generic classification of is chaotic and has a troubled taxonomic history. The extreme splitting haphazardly PageBreakpursued during much of the 20th century has contributed much to this current state (Hermes et al. 2014). Clearly, the situation with the generic classification will have to be rationalized by future synonymy of numerous taxa after their phylogeny is better known (Carpenter and Cumming 1985; Carpenter and Garcete-Barrett 2003; Hermes et al. 2014). The need for taxonomic work on is underlined by the lack of adequate and well-illustrated keys, both to genera and to species (Pannure et al. 2016). The few generic keys available concern one region or a country: Yamane (1990) revised the Japanese fauna of with a key to 18 genera, Carpenter and Garcete-Barrett (2003) presented a key to the genera of Neotropical and Pannure et al. (2016) included a key to the 31 eumenine genera known from South India. We present the first illustrated key to genera of from a major area encompassing two faunal regions and the first complete key to genera of Chinese . It is a major step to facilitate the classification of Chinese . Nevertheless, the status of several genera remains problematical; only a combined approach using molecular, biological, and morphological data will make it possible to decide their taxonomic position.

The Chinese were first catalogued by Liu (1936–1937) resulting in a list of 57 species divided among nine genera. Unfortunately, his research stopped after his only revision (; Liu 1941). Lee (1982a, 1985) published the most recent key to the genera of in China, including only 25 genera (for 65 species and 13 subspecies). Finally, Zhou et al. (2011) listed 45 genera present in China and included 172 species and 50 subspecies. Several scattered papers have been published on Chinese , but a thorough inventory is lacking (Zhou et al. 2012, 2013; Li and Chen 2014a, 2014b, 2015, 2016a, 2016b; You et al. 2013; Ma et al. 2016, 2017; Nguyen and Xu 2014; 2015; 2017; Yeh and Lu 2017; Tan et al. 2018a). The illustrated key to the genera of Chinese presented here includes 51 genera and the checklist contains 267 species and subspecies in total. One genus ( van der Vecht, 1937) is reported as new to China. Two replacement names are proposed for junior primary homonyms: Tan & Carpenter, nom. n. replacing (Kostylev) and Tan & Carpenter, nom. n. replacing (von Schulthess, 1934).

Material and methods

Specimens were collected by hand net or with Malaise traps. The studied specimens are deposited in the collections of College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an (); Northwest A&F University Entomological Museum, Yangling, Shaanxi (); Zhejiang University Hymenoptera Museum, Hangzhou (); General Station of Forest Pest Management, State Forestry Administration, Shenyang (); American Museum of Natural History, New York (); Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden (); Museum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris (); and Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Müncheberg ().

Morphological terminology follows Carpenter and Cumming (1985), Yamane (1990), and Carpenter and Garcete-Barrett (2003). Observations and descriptions were made with an Olympus SZX11 stereomicroscope and fluorescent lamps. Photographic images were made with Keyence VHX-5000 digital microscope (NWUX, Xi’an), Olympus SZX 12 stereomicroscope with analySIS Soft Imaging System software (RMNH, Leiden), and Microptics-USA/Visionary Digital photomicrographic system, developed by Roy Larimer, multiple layers stacked using Helicon Focus (AMNH, New York).

Metasomal terga I-II, dorsal view: a (Kriechbaumer) (left 1), (de Saussure) (left 2), de Saussure (middle) aa (Blüthgen) (right 2), (Gussakovskij) (right1).

Part of middle leg: a (Panzer) aa van der Vecht.

Part of propodeum lateral view (a, aa) and caudal view (b, bb): a, b Tan aa, bb (Panzer).

Labial palpi (a, aa) and metasomal segment I (b, bb): c, cc part of mesosoma, showing tegula: a–c de Saussure aa–cc (Panzer).

Propodeum (a, aa) and part of forewing (b, bb): a Giordani Soika b de Saussure (right upper) aa sp. (middle) bb (Fabricius).

Head and pronotum (a, e, aa, ee), part of mesonotum in dorsal view (b, bb, dd), metanotum magnified (d), and metasomal segment I in lateral view (c, cc): a–e (de Saussure) aa, ee, lower cc Giordani Soika bb, dd, upper cc van der Vecht.

Mesosoma (a, c, aa, cc) and metasoma (b, bb). a–c Giordani Soika aa, cc van der Vecht bb (de Saussure).

Mesosoma, dorsal view. a–c (de Saussure) aa–cc (de Saussure).

Mesosoma, lateral view. a sp. aa (de Saussure).

Metasomal segment I in lateral view. a s. samariensis (Giordani Soika) a’ (Smith) aa sp. aa’ Giordani Soika.

Metasomal segment I, ventral view. a s. samariensis (Giordani Soika) aa (Smith).

Part of dorsal mesosoma (a, aa), part of forewing (b, bb) and ventral metasomal segment I (c, cc). a (de Saussure) b Giordani Soika c sp. aa–cc (Bingham).

Forewing (a, aa), metasomal sternum I (SI) (b, bb), head in dorsal view (c, cc) and hind tibia (d, dd). a–b Liu c, d s. sansibaricus (von Schulthess) aa–cc (de Saussure); dd. van der Vecht.

Propodeum (a, aa), metasomal tergum II (TII) (b, bb) and metasomal tergum I (TI) (c, cc). a–c (Fabricius) aa, cc (Linnaeus) bb Giordani Soika.

Head in frontal (a, aa) and dorsal view (b, bb). a, b (Lichtenstein) aa, bb (de Saussure).

Mesosoma and part of metasoma (a, aa), terminal sternum of male (b, bb). a, b (de Saussure), arrow = spiracle aa, bb (Blanchard).

Forewing (a, aa), mesosoma in lateral view (b, bb), head in frontal view (c, cc) and antenna (d, dd). a–d (Linnaeus) aa–dd (Smith).

Part of mesosoma (a, aa) and antennae (b, bb). a (Giordani Soika) b (Panzer) aa (de Saussure) bb (Rossi).

Part of mouthparts showing labial palpus (a, aa) and metasomal sterna (SII-VII) of male (b, bb). a (Giordani Soika) b (Panzer) aa–bb (de Saussure).

Maxillary palpus (a, a’ and aa), labial palpus of female (b, bb) and mandibles of male (c, cc, cc’). a–c (Panzer) a’ Dusmet; aa–bb Giordani Soika cc (Klug) cc’ sp.

Propodeum (a, aa), head in dorsal view (b, bb) and sterna (c, cc). a, b (Bingham) c (Nurse) aa–cc (de Saussure).

Head and pronotum in dorsal view (a, aa, aa’), part of mesosoma in dorsal view (b) and propodeum lateral view (c). a, c (de Saussure) b (de Saussure) aa sp. aa’ (Morawitz).

Metasomal tergum I. a (de Saussure) a’ Giordani Soika aa (de Saussure).

Mesosoma in dorsal view (a, b, aa, bb) and in lateral view (c, cc). a–c (Morawitz) aa–cc Giordani Soika.

Metasomal tergum I in dorsal view. a aa (left). Giordani Soika aa (right). (von Schulthess) aa’ sp.

Anterior face of pronotum (a, aa); metasomal segments I and II (b, b’, bb). a, b’ b (von Schulthess) bb Giordani Soika.

Metasoma in dorsal view (a, aa), head and pronotum in dorsal view (b, bb, white-arrow pointing to the depression) and in frontal view (c, cc). (von Schulthess) aa–cc (de Saussure).

Metasomal tergum I (TI) in dorsal view (a, aa) and in lateral view (a’). a (Linnaeus) a’ (Schulthess) c (Fabricius).

Metasomal terga I-II (a, aa) and mesosoma (b, bb) in dorsal view, distal segments of antenna (c, cc). a, c (Linnaeus) b aa–cc (Linnaeus).

Forewing. a (de Saussure) aa (Smith).

Metasoma in lateral view. a (Smith) aa (de Saussure).

Clypeus (2 left) and distal part of male metasoma in lateral view (2 right). a, b (Giordani Soika) aa Giordani Soika, holotype bb sp.

Mesosoma in dorsal view (left and middle) and dorso-caudal view (right). a–c (Schulthess) aa–cc (Yasumatsu).

Metanotum. a. Gusenleitner; a’ (von Schulthess) aa (Fabricius).

Head in frontal view (a, aa), metasoma in dorsal view (c, cc), anterior face of pronotum (b, bb) and antenna (d, dd). a–d (de Saussure) aa, cc (de Saussure) bb Giordani Soika; dd. (Smith).

Metasoma in lateral view. a (Gribodo) aa (Kirsch).

Metasomal tergum I (a, aa) in dorsal view, propodeum in lateral view (b, bb), mesosoma in lateral view (c, cc) and metanotum in dorsal view (d, dd). a–d (Lepeletier) aa (Smith) bb, cc (de Saussure) dd sp.

Maxillary palpus (a left) and labial palpus (b right), mouthpart palpi (aa), head in dorsal view (b, bb), part of mesosoma in dorso-caudal view (c, cc, cc’). a–c sp. aa, bb (de Saussure) cc sp. cc’ (de Saussure).

Head in frontal view (a, aa), part of meso- and metasoma (b, d, bb, dd), part of mesosoma in dorsal view (c, cc) and distal part of forewing (ee). a–d (de Saussure) aa–ee (de Saussure).

Part of mesosoma in dorsal view. a (von Schulthess) aa (Herrich-Schäffer).

Part of mesosoma in dorsal view (a) and in dorso-caudal view (aa). a (von Schulthess) aa (Smith).

Distal part of forewing (a, aa) and terminal sternum of male (sternum VII) (b, bb). a, b (Fabricius) aa, bb (von Schulthess).

Part of forewing. a (Fabricius) b (Giordani Soika).

Mesosoma in dorsal view (a, b, aa, bb) and middle leg of male (c, cc). a, b (Fabricius) c (Fabricius) aa, bb (Kirsch) cc sp.

Metasoma in dorsal view. a (Fabricius) aa (de Saussure).

Mesosoma in dorsal view. a (de Saussure) aa (Rossi).

Part of mesosoma in lateral view. a (Morawitz) aa (de Saussure).

Mesosoma in dorsal view (a, aa), head and pronotum in dorsal view (b, d, bb, dd) and metanotum in dorsal view (c, cc). a–d (Klug) aa–dd (Morawitz).

Part of mesonotum showing tegula and parategula. a Blüthgen aa Kurzenko.

Propodeum in lateral view (a, aa) and in caudal view (b). a, b Kurzenko aa (Kostylev), after Kurzenko (1977).

Checklist of the species of the subfamily from China

Blüthgen, 1938 (1937), Konowia 16: 280; Type species: “ Sauss. 1852” [= de Saussure, 1853].

(Giraud, 1866)

Blüthgen, 1953

van der Vecht, 1963, Zool. Verh., Leiden 60: 57 (key), 58, genus. Type species: Fabricius, 1804.

(de Saussure, 1862)

(Cameron, 1900)

(de Saussure, 1852)

Wesmael, 1836, Bull. Acad. R. Belg. 3: 45. Type species: Linnaeus, 1758.

Giordani Soika, 1993

Giordani Soika, 1977

You and Li, 2013

Giordani Soika, 1977 (1976)

(Meade-Waldo, 1910)

Giordani Soika, 1977 (1976)

Giordani Soika, 1977 (1976)

Giordani Soika, 1966

Giordani Soika, 1966

(Dalla Torre, 1894)

Morawitz, 1889

Gusenleitner, 1993

(Curtis, 1791)

Giordani Soika, 1966

(Linnaeus, 1758)

Tan & Carpenter, nom. n.

Replacement name for (Kostylev, 1940) (junior primary homonym of Meade-Waldo, 1915).

(Bingham, 1897)

Yamane, 1993

Giordani Soika, 1966

You & Li, 2013

(Yasumatsu, 1938)

(Meade-Waldo, 1910)

de Saussure, 1855, Ét. Fam. Vesp. 3: 244. Type species: de Saussure, 1853.

Gusenleitner, 2004

(Fabricius, 1787)

(de Saussure, 1855)

Giordani Soika, 1986

(Saunders, 1853)

Giordani Soika, 1982

Kim & Yamane, 2003

Kim & Yamane, 2003

(de Saussure, 1855)

Giordani Soika, 1986

(de Saussure, 1853)

Giordani Soika, 1971

(Smith, 1857)

Giordani Soika, 1993

Soika, 1986

(Cameron, 1904)

de Saussure, 1863, Mém. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Genève 17: 205. Type species: [= ] synagroides de Saussure, 1852.

(de Saussure, 1852)

(Smith, 1852)

(von Schulthess, 1934)

(Smith, 1852)

(Giordani Soika, 1973)

(Sonan, 1937)

Giordani Soika, 1973

de Saussure, 1855, Ét. Fam. Vesp. 3: 287.Type species: “ (Fabricius)” sensu de Saussure, 1853 [= Fabricius, 1775]

(de Saussure, 1852)

Giordani Soika, 1993, Boll. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Venezia 42: 155. Type species: de Saussure, 1855.

Giordani Soika, 1994

(von Schulthess, 1934)

(de Saussure, 1855)

(Matsmura, 1926)

Giordani Soika, 1986, Boll. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Venezia 35: 143, genus. Type species: Giordani Soika, 1986, monotypy.

Giordani Soika, 1986

Note: is a junior synonym and will be included in (Tan et al. 2018b, submitted).

Kurzenko, 1977, Ins. Mongol. 5: 557. Type species: Kostylev, 1937.

(Kostylev, 1937 (1936))

Blüthgen, 1938, Deutsch. Entomol. Zeitschr.: 450, 459, genus. Type species: Morawitz, 1867.

Kurzenko, 1977

de Saussure, 1852, Ét. fam. Vesp. 1: 22, genus. Type species: de Saussure, 1852.

(Cameron, 1904)

van der Vecht, 1963, Zool. Verh., Leiden 60: 45, genus. Type species: Bingham, 1897

(Bingham, 1897)

(Sonan, 1939)

van der Vecht, 1969, Entomol. Ber., Amst. 29: 1, replacement name for van der Vecht, 1963, non Voss, 1925. Type species: van der Vecht, 1963.

(de Saussure, 1853)

Lee, 1982

de Saussure, 1855, Ét. Fam. Vesp. 3: 130, 132, 143. Type species: DeGeer, 1775 [= Linnaeus, 1758]

(Fabricius, 1775)

(Gmelin, 1790)

Giordani Soika, 1986

(Fabricius, 1775)

Latreille, 1809, Gen. Crust. et Insect. 4: 140. Type species: Panzer, 1801, monotypy.

(Lepeletier, 1841)

Yasumatsu, 1934

Zhou and Li, 2013

Yasumatsu, 1934

Yamane, 1996

Zhou & Li, 2013

Yamane, 1996

(Panzer, 1801)

Perkins, 1912, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 9: 118, genus. Type species: Perkins, 1912, monotypy.

Giordani Soika, 1993

(Sonan, 1938)

de Saussure, 1855, Ét. Fam. Vesp. 3: 229, 252. Type species: de Saussure, 1852.

Lee, 1981

Latreille, 1802, Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. 3: 360, genus. Type species: “, Fab.” [= Linnaeus, 1758].

Smith, 1859

Meade-Waldo, 1910

(Fabricius, 1798)

Cameron, 1897

(Linnaeus, 1758)

(Panzer, 1799)

Zhou, Chen & Li, 2012

Giordani Soika, 1973

Dalla Torre, 1894

Giordani Soika, 1965

Dover, 1925

Giordani Soika, 1941

Giordani Soika, 1941

Giordani Soika, 1941

Giordani Soika, 1941

Giordani Soika, 1971

Cameron, 1904 (Kim and Yoon (2001) state that the record is very doubtful)

de Saussure, 1855

Zhou, Chen & Li, 2012

(Panzer, 1799)

(Fabricius, 1781)

de Saussure, 1852

Dover, 1926

Smith, 1852

Sonan, 1939

Pérez, 1905

Giordani Soika, 1966

Giordani Soika, 1940

Giordani Soika, 1973

Giordani Soika, 1934

Kurzenko, 1984

(Christ, 1791)

Giordani Soika, 1941

Dalla Torre, 1904, Gen. Ins. 19: 38. Type species: Rossi, 1790.

(Morawitz, 1873)

(Kostylev, 1940)

Giordani Soika, 1973

(de Saussure, 1853)

Blüthgen, 1942

(Dalla Torre, 1889)

(von Schulthess, 1928)

Giordani Soika, 1973

Ma, Chen & Li, 2017

Ma, Chen & Li, 2017

(von Schulthess, 1908)

Tano, 1987

Giordani Soika, 1973

(Jurine, 1807)

(Fabricius, 1793)

Ma, Chen & Li, 2017

(Radoszkowski, 1893)

(Fabricius, 1787)

Zavattari, 1912, Arch. Naturgesch. 78A (4): 161. Type species: Gribodo, 1891 [= Smith, 1857], monotypy.

Nguyen & Xu, 2015

Blüthgen, 1938, Deutsch. Entomol. Zeitschr.: 442, 460.Type species: Mocsáry, 1883, monotypy.

Kurzenko, 1977

(Kostylev, 1940)

(Morawitz, 1885)

(Blüthgen, 1942)

Meade-Waldo, 1910, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 5: 46, genus. Type species: Meade-Waldo, 1910, monotypy.

(Panzer, 1799)

(Morawitz, 1895)

(de Saussure, 1855)

de Saussure, 1867, Reise Novara, Zool. 2 (1), Hym.: 3, genus. Type species: de Saussure, 1867

(de Saussure, 1855)

Giordani Soika, 1973

de Saussure, 1853, Ét. Fam. Vesp 1: 233. Type species: [!] [= Lepeletier, 1841].

Gusenleitner, 2001

(Kostylev, 1940)

(Kostylev, 1940)

Giordani Soika, 1966

Giordani Soika, 1993, Boll. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Venezia 42: 135. Type species: Smith, 1857.

(Giordani Soika, 1941)

Giordani Soika, 1985, Lavori Soc. Ven. Sci. Nat. 10: 37. Type species: Soika, 1985, monotypy.

Giordani Soika, 1985

Note: The characteristics of this genus also fit well with Giordani Soika, 1939, and further research is needed to solve the problem.

van der Vecht, 1937, Treubia 16: 263, genus. Type species: Cameron, 1903.

sp.

Latreille, 1802, Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. 3: 362. Type species: Linnaeus, 1758.

Kurzenko, 1977.

Yamane, 1987, Mem. Kagoshima Univ. Res. Center S. Pacific 8: 52. Type species: Giordani Soika, 1986, monotypy.

Nguyen & Xu, 2014

Yamane, 1987

Nguyen & Xu, 2014

Blüthgen, 1955, Mitt. Münch. Entomol. Ges. 44/45: 406, 407. Type species: “ (Dusmet, 1909)” [= Dusmet, 1903], monotypy.

(Giordani Soika, 1941)

(Kostylev, 1940)

(Giordani Soika, 1977)

(Meade-Waldo, 1913)

(Meade-Waldo, 1913)

Gusenleitner, 2005

(Kostylev, 1940)

(Morawitz, 1885)

Gusenleitner, 2005

van der Vecht, 1963, Zool. Verh., Leiden 60: 58 (key), 99, genus. Type species: de Saussure, 1857

(de Saussure, 1852)

(de Saussure, 1857)

(von Schulthess, 1934)

(Giordani Soika, 1941)

Giordani Soika, 1973

Bequaert, 1926, Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 23: 488. Type species: Perez, 1905 [= Smith, 1852], monotypy.

(Smith, 1852)

Koçak & Kemal, 2010, CESA Misc. Pap. 151: 4, replacement name for Giordani Soika, 1994, non De Dekker, 1979. Type species: von Schulthess, 1934.

Tan & Carpenter, nom. n.

Replacement name for (von Schulthess, 1934) (junior primary homonym of de Saussure, 1852).

Giordani Soika, 1970, Boll. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Venezia 20/21: 79, genus. Type species: Giordani Soika, 1970, monotypy.

(von Schulthess, 1934)

(de Saussure, 1855)

Bequaert, 1925, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 51: 64. Type species: de Saussure, 1855 [= O. “flavipes Fabricius” sensu de Saussure, 1852, non Fabricius, 1775].

Gusenleitner, 2002

(Sonan, 1939)

(Sonan, 1939)

(Sonan, 1939)

(von Schulthess, 1934)

(Sonan, 1939)

Giordani Soika, 1994

Giordani Soika, 1986

Gusenleitner, 2000

de Saussure, 1855, Ét. Fam. Vesp. 3: 173. Type species: Smith, 1852, monotypy.

Giordani Soika, 1986

Giordani Soika, 1973

Giordani Soika, 1986

(Smith, 1852)

(von Schulthess, 1934)

(Gussakovskij, 1932)

(von Schulthess, 1913)

(de Saussure, 1855)

Kim & Yamane, 2007

de Saussure, 1855, Ét. Fam. Vesp. 3: 133. Type species: de Saussure, 1855.

(Sonan, 1937)

Liu, 1941

Liu, 1941

Liu, 1941

Liu, 1941

Liu, 1941

(de Saussure, 1855)

Liu, 1941

Blüthgen, 1938 (1937), Konowia 16: 280. Type species: Klug, 1817.

(Kostylev, 1940)

Giordani Soika, 1992, Lavori Soc. Ven. Sci. Nat. 17: 41, 66, genus, replacement name for Phi de Saussure, 1855, non de Saussure, 1854. Type species: Fabricius, 1775.

(Blanchard, 1804)

(Zimmermann, 1931)

Gusenleitner, 2002

de Saussure, 1856, Ét. Fam. Vesp. 3: 309. Type species: de Saussure, 1856, monotypy.

(Morawitz, 1867)

(de Saussure, 1856)

Kurzenko, 1976

(Morawitz, 1885)

Giordani Soika, 1936, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova 59: 268, genus. Type species: de Saussure, 1853

Giordani Soika, 1941

de Saussure, 1875, Smithson. Misc. Coll. 254 (I): 128, division of genus de Saussure. Type species: de Saussure, 1855, monotypy.

(de Saussure, 1855)

Giordani Soika, 1941

Giordani Soika, 1960

Giordani Soika, 1935, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova 57: 145. Type species: Smith, 1861.

(de Saussure, 1855)

(Smith, 1857)

Klug, 1805, Beitr. Naturk. 1: 143. Type species: Panzer, 1797.

Smith, 1878

Kurzenko, 1977

Spinola, 1806, Ins. Ligur. 1: 84. Type species: Spinola, 1806 [= Fabricius, 1781], monotypy.

(Fabricius, 1793)

(Fabricius, 1787)

Giordani Soika, 1962 (1961), Boll. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Venezia 14: 65, 71. Type species: Giordani Soika, 1962.

Li & Chen, 2016

(de Saussure, 1862)

Li & Chen, 2016

Li & Chen, 2016

de Saussure, 1863, Mém. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Genève 17: 228. Type species: de Saussure, 1863.

Giordani Soika, 1975

van der Vecht, 1971

(de Saussure, 1863)

(Kostylev, 1940)

Gusenleitner, 2012

(de Saussure, 1867)

(André, 1884)

Gusenleitner, 2003

Kurzenko, 1977

Giordani Soika, 1979

Giordani Soika, 1985

Ma & Li, 2016

(Morawitz, 1889)

Kim & Yamane, 2004

Giordani Soika, 1976

Gusenleitner, 1981

Ma & Li, 2016

Ma & Li, 2016

Kim & Yamane, 2004

Ma & Li, 2016

Kim, 1999

de Saussure, 1855, Ét. Fam. Vesp. 3: 206. Type species: de Saussure, 1855.

(Cameron, 1904)

Li & Chen, 2014

Li & Chen, 2014

(von Schulthess, 1934)

(de Saussure, 1855)

Wesmael, 1836, Bull. Acad. R. Belg. 3: 45. Type species: Wesmael, 1833.

Cumming, 1989

(Zetterstedt, 1838)

(Cameron, 1911)

Giordani Soika, 1986

(Linnaeus, 1761)

Li and Chen, 2014

Gussakovskij, 1933

(Herrich-Schaeffer, 1838)

(von Schulthess, 1934)

(Kostylev, 1938)

Tsuneki, 1977

Li & Chen, 2014

Gusenleitner, 2000

Lee, 1981

(Kostylev, 1940)

Li & Chen, 2014

Giordani Soika, 1966

Gusenleitner, 2002

Gusenleitner, 2002

Blüthgen, 1939, Veröff. Deutsch. Kolon. Übersee Mus. Bremen 2: 259, 260. Type species: “ (Brullé, 1832) = Morawitz, 1885” [= Brullé, 1832].

Li & Chen, 2015

Li & Chen, 2015

Fabricius, 1804, Syst. Piez.: xii, 282. Type species: “ Fab.” [= Fabricius, 1798].

Bingham, 1897

Gusenleitner, 2010

Nguyen & Xu, 2017

Yeh & Lu, 2017

Tan, 2018

Gusenleitner, 2001

1	Tergum I more or less petiolate, slender and its apical half parallel-sided or slightly narrowed posteriorly (1a); tergum I usually at least twice as long as wide (but in e.g., Pseudozumia slightly longer than wide); tergum II twice maximum width of tergum I in dorsal view, but approx. 1.5 × in Pseudozumia	2
–	Tergum I robust and its apical half widened posteriorly (1aa); tergum I much less than twice as long as wide; tergum II at most twice as wide as tergum I	18
2	Middle tibia with two spurs (2a)	3
–	Middle tibia with one spur (2aa)	5
3	Propodeum with valvula distinctly protruding, elongate and rectangular (3a), orifice acutely pointed dorsally (3b)	Zethus Fabricius
–	Propodeum with valvula not protruding (3aa), orifice rounded dorsally (3bb)	4
4	Maxillary palpus 3-segmented (4a); tergum I more than twice as long as wide, longitudinally striate (4b); tegula posteriorly acute (4c)	Calligaster de Saussure
–	Maxillary palpus 4-segmented (4aa); tergum I less than twice as long as wide, punctate (4bb); tegula posteriorly truncate (4cc)	Discoelius Latreille
5	Propodeal valvula relatively short, rounded, submarginal carina distinctly protruding (5a); frons distinctly longer than clypeus; second submarginal cell narrow anteriorly, vein 1-M and vein 2-M meeting almost at right angle (5b)	6
–	Propodeal valvula elongate, rectangular, submarginal carina not protruding (4aa); frons shorter than clypeus; second submarginal cell wide anteriorly, vein 1-M and vein 2-M meeting at obtuse angle (5bb)	8
6	Female with fovea anterior to mid-ocellus (6a); metanotum monodentiform mesally (6d); metasomal petiole abruptly swollen apically in lateral view (6c); tegula not exceeding parategula posteriorly (6b); anterior face of pronotum smooth (6e)	Labus de Saussure
–	Female without fovea on vertex (6aa); metanotum obtuse mesally (6dd); metasomal petiole not conspicuously swollen in lateral view (6cc); tegula more or less exceeding parategula posteriorly (6bb); anterior face of pronotum distinctly punctuate laterally (6ee)	7
7	Mesoscutum distinctly longer than wide (7a), apical margin of tergum I wider than half width of TII (7b); parategula short, almost absent, tegula distinctly exceeding parategula (7c)	Leptomicrodynerus Giordani Soika
–	Mesoscutum distinctly wider than long (7aa); apical margin of tergum I narrower than half width of tergum II (7bb); parategula normal, tegula slightly exceeding parategula (7cc)	Cyrtolabulus van der Vecht
8	Propodeum dorsally with elongate fovea from which a carina runs to orifice, usually with dentiform projections above valvulae (8a); axillary fossa narrower than long, slit-like (8b); tegula with narrow posterior lobe which about equals parategula posteriorly (8c)	9
–	Propodeum without fovea or dentiform projections (8aa); axillary fossa oval, broader than long (8bb); tegula short, convex and not equalling parategula posteriorly (8cc), or long, with narrow posterior lobe which surpasses parategula posteriorly	14
9	Mesepisternum with epicnemial carina present (9a)	10
–	Mesepisternum with epicnemial carina absent (9aa)	13
10	Metasomal petiole with transverse carina basally (10a, a’)	11
–	Metasomal petiole not carinate (10aa, aa’)	12
11	Tergum I with its lateral margins fused ventrally; sternum I reduced to posterior crescentic sclerite (11a); [mesonotum and propodeum smooth between fine punctures]	Ectopioglossa Perkins
–	Tergum I with lateral margins not meeting ventrally, sternum I visible along entire petiole length (11aa)	Nortozumia van der Vecht (new record)
12	Mesoscutum with a pair of prescutellar longitudinal groove (12a); forewing with parastigma longer than pterostigma (12b); sternum I irregularly rugose posteriorly, with rugae running in longitudinal direction (12c)	Pseudozumia de Saussure
–	Mesoscutum without prescutellar longitudinal groove (12aa); forewing with parastigma shorter than pterostigma (12bb); sternum I smooth basally, its posterior two thirds transversely striate or smooth (12cc)	Coeleumenes van der Vecht
13	Forewing with parastigma longer than pterostigma (13a); sternum I gradually widened backwards with regular transverse striae (13b); female with cephalic fovea (13c); hind tibia with number of short spines on its outside (13d)	Pareumenes de Saussure
–	Forewing with parastigma shorter than pterostigma (13aa); sternum I narrower basally, more or less fused with tergum I, posteriorly short, triangular and without ruga (13bb); female without cephalic fovea (13cc); hind tibia without spines on its outside (13dd)	Pseumenes Giordani Soika
14	Tergum I impunctate or with only a few small punctures (14c); propodeum inclining posteriorly into a slope (14a); tergum II without lamella separated by preapical thickening, sometimes with pale border (14b)	15
–	Tergum I with dense, coarse punctation (14cc); propodeum less inclined posteriorly (14aa); tergum II with apical lamella more or less separated from disc by preapical thickening (14bb)	17
15	Clypeus apically rounded (15a); temple in dorsal view as long as eye (15b)	Katamenes Meade-Waldo
–	Clypeus apically truncate or emarginated (15aa); temple in dorsal view shorter than eye (15bb)	16
16	Tergum I slightly longer than mesosoma, with section after spiracles shorter than section before spiracles (16a); male: terminal sternum with a longitudinal groove (16b)	Delta de Saussure
–	Tergum I much longer than mesosoma, with section after spiracles longer than section before spiracles (16aa); male: terminal sternum without groove (16bb)	Phimenes Giordani Soika
17	Pronotum with pretegular carina absent (17b); parastigma of forewing shorter than half of pterostigma (17a); female: apical margin of clypeus emarginated (17c); propodeum lateral margin rounded, without distinct border with posterior face; male: apical antennal segment medium-sized and curved (17d)	Eumenes Latreille
–	Pronotum with pretegular carina present (17bb); parastigma of forewing longer than half of pterostigma (17aa); female: apical margin of clypeus truncated (17cc); propodeum lateral side distinctly separated from its posterior face; male: apical antennal segment small and straight (17dd)	Oreumenes Bequaert
18	Tegula evenly rounded posteriorly and usually not reaching apex of parategula (18a); male antenna apically spiralled (18b)	19
–	Tegula protruding posteriorly, emarginate or truncate adjoining parategula (18aa); male antenna apically hooked or simple (18bb)	22
19	Labial palpi 3-segmented, in female segment II and III both broadly flattened, fringed with setae, forming a psammophore (19a); sterna II-V in male usually with central apical brush (19b)	20
–	Labial palpus 4-segmented, in female cylindrical, without psammophore (19aa); sterna II-V in male usually without central apical brush (19bb)	21
20	Maxillary palpus 5- (20a) or 6- (20a’) segmented; female: labial palpus segment II thick basally, segment II, III not curved (20b); male: mandible with penultimate tooth often without deep excision, and axis of penultimate tooth is at an oblique angle relative to main axis of mandible and approximately parallel to axis of apical tooth (20c); body <9 mm	Pterocheilus Klug
–	Maxillary palpus 6-segmented (20aa); female: labial palpus segment II and III slender, flat and curved (20bb); male: mandible with distance between second and third tooth broad (20cc) or deeply and broadly excised, and axis of penultimate tooth is at approximately a right angle relative to the main axis of the mandible and relative to the apical tooth (20cc’); body >10 mm	Onychopterocheilus Blüthgen
21	Propodeum with lateral carinae well developed (21a); female without cephalic foveae (21b); vertex weakly longitudinally rugose posteriorly (21b); temples and mesosoma with very fine pubescence; male sterna II-VI with conspicuous fringe of setae (21c)	Tropidodynerus Blüthgen
–	Propodeum with lateral carinae weak or absent (21aa); female with cephalic foveae; vertex not rugose; temples and mesosoma with long setae (21bb); male sterna without fringe of setae (21cc)	Odynerus Latreille
22	Anterior face of pronotum with two close and deeply impressed pits, which may be approximated, or with series of elongate foveae (22a); tegula broad, wider than long, not surpassing parategula (except Jucancistrocerus) (22b); propodeum valvula bilamellate (with submarginal carina produced into pointed lamella apically and valvula enlarged and free posteriorly from submarginal carina) (22c)	23
–	Anterior face of pronotum without deep pits or foveae (except punctures) (22aa, aa’); submarginal carina, propodeum valvula and tegula variable	28
23	Tergum I with two transverse carinae (23a) or with one (23a’)	24
–	Tergum I without transverse carinae (23aa)	27
24	Tegula densely punctate, sieve-like, surpassing parategula posteriorly (24a); propodeal dorsum without extending horizontal area (24b); pretegular carina absent (24c); [carina of tergum I indistinct in some species]	Jucancistrocerus Blüthgen
–	Tegula usually finely punctate (24aa); propodeal dorsum extending horizontally, forming shelf-like area behind metanotum (24bb); pretegular carina present (24cc)	25
25	Tergum I with two carinae, tergum wider than long in dorsal view, both carinae relatively close near each other (25a)	Subancistrocerus de Saussure
–	Tergum I with one (25aa) or two carinae (25aa’); if with two carinae, then tergum I longer than wide in dorsal view, more or less petiole-like and distance between both carinae relatively large	26
26	Anterior face of pronotum with foveae separated (26a); tergum II usually smooth basally, forming an acarinarium (26b); metasoma sessile, tergum I nearly as wide as tergum II (26b’)	Parancistrocerus Bequaert
–	Anterior face of pronotum with contiguous foveae (26aa); tergum II ridged basally, not forming an acarinarium; tergum I in dorsal view longer than wide, tergum II much wider than tergum I (26bb)	Pseudonortonia Giordani Soika
27	Tergum I relatively short, gradually widened, with its lateral sides divergent in dorsal view (27a); vertex strongly depressed, forming an acute triangle with face (27b, arrowing part); in female, apical margin of clypeus truncated and with two longitudinal carinae (27c); anterior face of pronotum with foveae coalesced (27b)	Paraleptomenes Giordani Soika
–	Tergum I relatively long, roughly parallel-sided in dorsal view (27aa); vertex normal, not forming an acute triangle with face (27bb); apical margin of clypeus emarginate and without carina (27cc); anterior face of pronotum with foveae separated (22a). [Note: if tergum I of Parancistrocerus spp. has an indistinct transverse carina, then it is difficult to separate them from Stenodynerus; Parancistrocerus spp. usually have an acarinarium on tergum II basally and tergum I more or less lengthened medially in dorsal view, while Stenodynerus spp. have tergum II ridged basally and tergum I medio-dorsally without elongation]	Stenodynerus de Saussure
28	Tergum I transversely carinate (28a) or horizontal and vertical faces of tergum clearly separated (Pararrhynchium, 28a’)	29
–	Tergum I evenly curved, without transverse carina (28aa)	34
29	Tergum I with broad medio-longitudinal furrow posterior to transverse carina (29a); notauli clearly indicated (29b); male antenna simple apically (29c)	Symmorphus Wesmael
–	Tergum I without medio-longitudinal furrow (29aa); notauli absent or nearly so (29bb); male antenna hooked apically (29cc)	30
30	Parastigma of forewing with more than half the length of pterostigma, measured along posterior part, often nearly equal (30a)	31
–	Parastigma half the length of pterostigma or less, measured along posterior part (30aa)	33
31	Tergum II with well-developed apical lamella (31a)	Lissodynerus Giordani Soika
–	Tergum II lacking an apical lamella (31aa)	32
32	Clypeus wide ventrally and slightly emarginated medio-ventrally (32a); male: terminal sternum without teeth basally (32b)	Orancistrocerus van der Vecht
–	Clypeus narrower ventrally and deeply emarginated medio-ventrally (32aa); male: terminal sternum with 2–3 teeth basally (32bb)	Archancistrocerus Giordani Soika
33	Axillary fossa narrower than long, slit-like (33b); humeri (“shoulder”) rounded (33a); propodeal dorsum strongly extending horizontally, forming shelf-like area behind metanotum (33c)	Pararrhynchium de Saussure
–	Axillary fossa oval, broader than long (33bb); humeri angular or pointed (33aa); propodeal dorsum slightly extending behind metanotum, below level of metanotum (33cc)	Ancistrocerus Wesmael
34	Metanotum with serrate bilobed ridge (34a, a’)	35
–	Metanotum low toothed (34aa), including blunt or rounded off ridge or flat	36
35	Clypeus higher than wide (35a); metanotum with truncate teeth; mid-anterior face of pronotum smooth and with short transverse rugae (35b); tergum I distinctly narrower than tergum II (35c); male terminal antennal segment small (35d)	Apodynerus Giordani Soika
–	Clypeus wider than high (35aa); mid-anterior face of pronotum usually densely punctate and with an upper trace of transverse carina (35bb); tergum I slightly narrower than tergum II (35cc); male terminal antennal segment relatively large (35dd)	Antepipona de Saussure
36	Tergum II with lamella behind transverse band (36a)	37
–	Tergum II without lamella behind transverse band, at most with narrow border (36aa). Note: few Euodynerus spp. may possess a distinct lamella on tergum II (see 45a), they can be separated from Leptochilus by having tergum I not depressed subapically (depressed in Leptochilus); and differs from Gribodia, Stenodynerellus and Epsilon by having oval axillary fossa, broader than long (slit-like, narrower than long in Gribodia, Stenodynerellus and Epsilon)	40
37	Tergum I depressed subapically, gradually widened with lateral sides divergent in dorsal view (37 aa); propodeum with submarginal carina projecting as rounded lobe above valvula, bilamellate (37bb); epicnemial carina absent (37cc); axillary fossa oval, broader than long (37dd)	Leptochilus de Saussure
–	Tergum I not depressed subapically, usually with lateral sides roughly parallel in dorsal view (37aa); propodeum with submarginal carina not differentiated from valvula, mono-lamellate (37bb; except Epsilon); epicnemial carina present (37cc); axillary fossa narrower than long, slit-like (37dd)	38
38	Palpal formula 5:3 (38a); male vertex sometimes with large and deep depression (38b); propodeum without shelf-like protruding part and with lateral carinae well developed (38c); [metanotum angulated, second submarginal cell with second recurrent vein nearly or completely interstitial with third submarginal cell; terga I-V each with apical lamella]	Gribodia Zavattari
–	Palpal formula 6:4 (38aa); male vertex without large and deep depression (38bb); propodeum with shelf-like protruding part (38cc) or absent (38cc’)	39
39	Clypeus longer than wide, apical margin usually truncate (39a); propodeum with submarginal carina not differentiated from valvula (39b); propodeum usually with dorsal surface at about same level as metanotum, lateral margin rounded; metanotum usually smoothly convex (39c); terga I-V each with apical lamella (39d); second submarginal cell with second recurrent vein variable	Stenodyneriellus Giordani Soika
–	Clypeus longer than wide, apical margin emarginate (39aa); propodeum with submarginal carina projecting as rounded lobe above valvula (39bb); propodeum without raised shelf-like part, lateral margin carinate; metanotum angulated (39cc); only tergum II with lamella (39dd); second submarginal cell with second recurrent vein nearly or completely interstitial with third submarginal cell (39ee)	Epsilon de Saussure
40	Axillary fossa in dorsal view much narrower than long, often slit-like (40a); tegula short, not exceeding parategula	41
–	Axillary fossa in dorsal view not slit-like, at least as wide as long, oval (40aa); tegula usually equal to or exceeding parategula	45
41	Propodeum with raised shelf-like part nearly at level of metanotum, metanotum flat (41a)	42
–	Propodeum below level of metanotum, metanotum various (41aa)	43
42	Forewing with third submarginal cell separated from apex of marginal cell by about half its length (42a); male sternum VII with basal truncate process (42b)	Allorhynchium van der Vecht
–	Forewing with third submarginal cell separated from apex of marginal cell by about its own length (42aa); male sternum VII without process (42bb)	Orientalicesa Koçak and Kemal
43	Parastigma of forewing more than half length of pterostigma, measured along posterior part or nearly equal (43a); palpal formula 6:4 (38aa)	44
–	Parastigma shorter than half length of pterostigma, measured along posterior part (43aa); palpal formula 5:3 (38a)	Okinawepipona Yamane
44	Mesoscutum posteriorly and scutellum smooth, very sparsely and finely punctate (44a); metanotum depressed medially (44b); male middle femur basally emarginated (44c)	Rhynchium Spinola
–	Mesoscutum and scutellum richly punctate throughout (44aa); metanotum not depressed medially (44bb); male middle femur not basally emarginate (44cc)	Anterhynchium de Saussure
45	Tergum I behind apical band with well-developed lamella (45a)	46
–	Tergum I behind apical band without well-developed lamella (45aa)	47
46	Metanotum between horizontal and vertical area with hemi-circular carina (46a)	Antodynerus de Saussure
–	Metanotum between areas without hemi-circular shaped carina (46aa)	Euodynerus Dalla Torre
47	Pretegular carina absent (47a)	48
–	Pretegular carina present, at least posteriorly (47aa)	49
48	Tegula sparsely punctate, slightly exceeding parategula and much smaller than scutellum (48a); mid-anterior face of pronotum smooth (48b); metanotum with lateral lamellae (48c); female with single cephalic fovea situated near occipital carina (48d)	Parodontodynerus Blüthgen
–	Tegula densely punctate, distinctly exceeding parategula, almost as large as scutellum (48aa); mid-anterior face of pronotum densely punctate (48bb); metanotum without lateral lamellae (48cc); female with single cephalic fovea situated halfway posterior ocelli and occipital carina (48dd)	Brachyodynerus Blüthgen
49	Tegula narrower and longer, surpassing parategula posteriorly (49a). [female vertex with reniform fovea, about as wide as ocellar triangle; hind coxa with ventral lobes]	Allodynerus Blüthgen
–	Tegula broad, equal to parategula posteriorly (49aa)	50
50	Propodeal valvula mono-lamellate (50a), with transverse carina, and with a dentate ridge laterally (50b); [metanotum ridge roughly bidentate-shaped]	Pseudepipona de Saussure
–	Propodeal valvula bilamellate (50aa), without transverse carina, and without dentate ridge laterally; [small species (6 mm body length); anterior face of pronotum smooth; vertex with very small pits]	Asiodynerus Kurzenko