Mei-Yueh Lee1, Pi-Jung Hsiao2, Jiun-Chi Huang3, Wei-Hao Hsu4, Szu-Chia Chen5, Shyi-Jang Shin6. 1. Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. 2. Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. 3. Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Division of Nephrology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. 4. Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. 5. Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Division of Nephrology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Electronic address: scarchenone@yahoo.com.tw. 6. Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Center for Lipid and Glycomedicine Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus is high. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between MetS and micro- and macrovascular disease in patients with diabetes and the associated risk factors. METHODS: The study enrolled 1,986 (854 men and 1,132 women) patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus from outpatient clinics. MetS was defined according to the Adult Treatment Panel III for Asians. RESULTS: Of the enrolled patients, 1,363 had MetS and 623 did not. The patients with MetS had significantly higher rates of albuminuria (40.8% vs. 21.8%, P < 0.001), retinopathy (37.9% vs. 28.6%, P < 0.001), coronary artery disease (19.4% vs. 11.6%, P < 0.001), cerebrovascular disease (5.8% vs. 3.2%, P = 0.014), and an ankle-brachial index < 0.9 or ≥ 1.3 (6.1% vs. 3.0%, P = 0.015). Moreover, there were significant trends for stepwise increases in albuminuria, retinopathy, coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease and peripheral artery disease corresponding to the number of MetS components (all P for trend < 0.05). Risk factors including MetS, old age, sex, wide pulse pressure, increased hemoglobin A1c, dyslipidemia and decline renal function were associated with micro- and macrovascular disease. CONCLUSIONS: MetS and the number of its components were significantly associated with micro- and macrovascular disease in the study patients with diabetes and this resulted in a higher risk of cardiovascular disease. Screening programs to allow for early detection and interventions should be established to lower the risk of cardiovascular disease.
BACKGROUND: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus is high. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between MetS and micro- and macrovascular disease in patients with diabetes and the associated risk factors. METHODS: The study enrolled 1,986 (854 men and 1,132 women) patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus from outpatient clinics. MetS was defined according to the Adult Treatment Panel III for Asians. RESULTS: Of the enrolled patients, 1,363 had MetS and 623 did not. The patients with MetS had significantly higher rates of albuminuria (40.8% vs. 21.8%, P < 0.001), retinopathy (37.9% vs. 28.6%, P < 0.001), coronary artery disease (19.4% vs. 11.6%, P < 0.001), cerebrovascular disease (5.8% vs. 3.2%, P = 0.014), and an ankle-brachial index < 0.9 or ≥ 1.3 (6.1% vs. 3.0%, P = 0.015). Moreover, there were significant trends for stepwise increases in albuminuria, retinopathy, coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease and peripheral artery disease corresponding to the number of MetS components (all P for trend < 0.05). Risk factors including MetS, old age, sex, wide pulse pressure, increased hemoglobin A1c, dyslipidemia and decline renal function were associated with micro- and macrovascular disease. CONCLUSIONS: MetS and the number of its components were significantly associated with micro- and macrovascular disease in the study patients with diabetes and this resulted in a higher risk of cardiovascular disease. Screening programs to allow for early detection and interventions should be established to lower the risk of cardiovascular disease.