S T Bashir1, A R Baerwald2, M O Gastal1, R A Pierson2, E L Gastal1. 1. Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA. 2. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 0W8, Canada.
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION: Do growth patterns and endocrine profiles differ between ovulatory follicles (OvFs) and luteinized unruptured follicles (LUFs) in women? SUMMARY ANSWER: Growth rates, diameters and associated endocrine profiles differed between OvFs and LUFs in unstimulated cycles. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Two-three waves of antral follicles develop during the menstrual cycle in ovulatory women of reproductive age, with the second or third wave terminating in ovulation. In contrast, some women can develop LUFs, where a preovulatory follicle fails to rupture and there is subsequent luteinization of the follicle wall. However, no study has compared OvFs and LUFs in unstimulated cycles. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: This retrospective observational study was conducted in 56 healthy women of reproductive age (range: 19-41 years) and with a history of regular menstrual cycles. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: Participants who met inclusion criteria were enrolled, as previously reported. Daily transvaginal ultrasonography was performed for one interovulatory interval (IOI) to measure the diameters of all follicles >2 mm. Blood samples were collected every 3 days during the IOI to measure serum concentrations of FSH, LH, estradiol and progesterone. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: The interval from emergence to deviation (i.e. follicle selection) was shorter (P < 0.05) for LUFs compared to OvFs. However, the intervals from emergence to maximum diameter and deviation to maximum diameter were longer (P < 0.05) for LUFs compared to OvFs. Follicle deviation in LUFs occurred at a larger diameter (P < 0.05) compared to OvFs, and LUFs grew to larger (P < 0.0001) diameters compared to OvFs. Moreover, LUFs grew faster (P < 0.05) from emergence to deviation and from deviation to maximum diameter, compared to OvFs. LUFs were associated with low (P < 0.05) systemic LH levels at emergence and maximum diameter compared to OvFs. LUFs were also associated with low (P < 0.05) systemic FSH and high (P < 0.05) systemic progesterone at deviation and maximum diameter, respectively. Estradiol was higher (P < 0.05) at deviation and lower (P < 0.05) at maximum diameter for LUFs compared to OvFs. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: A 3-day interval of blood sampling for hormonal analyses was conducted, as a more frequent sampling interval was not considered acceptable by the study volunteers. A 3-day sampling interval did not allow characterization of acute changes in hormone production during the IOI. In addition, study visits were less frequent when LUFs persisted long after the expected day of the second ovulation of the IOI. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: Information about the growth and endocrine dynamics of OvFs and LUFs developing in unstimulated cycles in women may be applied to the early detection of LUF-associated anovulatory infertility and clinical management of women with this condition. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S): No external funding sources were used for this study. The authors have no conflicts of interest in publishing this manuscript. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01389141.
STUDY QUESTION: Do growth patterns and endocrine profiles differ between ovulatory follicles (OvFs) and luteinized unruptured follicles (LUFs) in women? SUMMARY ANSWER: Growth rates, diameters and associated endocrine profiles differed between OvFs and LUFs in unstimulated cycles. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Two-three waves of antral follicles develop during the menstrual cycle in ovulatory women of reproductive age, with the second or third wave terminating in ovulation. In contrast, some women can develop LUFs, where a preovulatory follicle fails to rupture and there is subsequent luteinization of the follicle wall. However, no study has compared OvFs and LUFs in unstimulated cycles. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: This retrospective observational study was conducted in 56 healthy women of reproductive age (range: 19-41 years) and with a history of regular menstrual cycles. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS:Participants who met inclusion criteria were enrolled, as previously reported. Daily transvaginal ultrasonography was performed for one interovulatory interval (IOI) to measure the diameters of all follicles >2 mm. Blood samples were collected every 3 days during the IOI to measure serum concentrations of FSH, LH, estradiol and progesterone. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: The interval from emergence to deviation (i.e. follicle selection) was shorter (P < 0.05) for LUFs compared to OvFs. However, the intervals from emergence to maximum diameter and deviation to maximum diameter were longer (P < 0.05) for LUFs compared to OvFs. Follicle deviation in LUFs occurred at a larger diameter (P < 0.05) compared to OvFs, and LUFs grew to larger (P < 0.0001) diameters compared to OvFs. Moreover, LUFs grew faster (P < 0.05) from emergence to deviation and from deviation to maximum diameter, compared to OvFs. LUFs were associated with low (P < 0.05) systemic LH levels at emergence and maximum diameter compared to OvFs. LUFs were also associated with low (P < 0.05) systemic FSH and high (P < 0.05) systemic progesterone at deviation and maximum diameter, respectively. Estradiol was higher (P < 0.05) at deviation and lower (P < 0.05) at maximum diameter for LUFs compared to OvFs. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: A 3-day interval of blood sampling for hormonal analyses was conducted, as a more frequent sampling interval was not considered acceptable by the study volunteers. A 3-day sampling interval did not allow characterization of acute changes in hormone production during the IOI. In addition, study visits were less frequent when LUFs persisted long after the expected day of the second ovulation of the IOI. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: Information about the growth and endocrine dynamics of OvFs and LUFs developing in unstimulated cycles in women may be applied to the early detection of LUF-associated anovulatory infertility and clinical management of women with this condition. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S): No external funding sources were used for this study. The authors have no conflicts of interest in publishing this manuscript. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01389141.
Authors: Hyun Yang; Sang R Lee; Seong Lae Jo; Ae-Hyang Kim; Eun-Ryoung Kim; Fan Qu; Eui-Ju Hong; Hye Won Lee Journal: Front Pharmacol Date: 2022-07-19 Impact factor: 5.988
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