Longitudinal associations of maternal depression and adolescents' depression and behaviors: Moderation by maltreatment and sex.

This study explored the longitudinal relationships among maternal depressive symptoms, children's depressive symptoms, aggression, and rule breaking and tested the moderating effects of maltreatment and child sex. A sample of 175 biological mother-child dyads (86 maltreated and 89 comparison) were seen at three time points, beginning at an average child age of 10.87 years. Results from cross-lagged models showed maternal depressive symptoms were related to higher levels of children's depressive symptoms but not children's aggression or rule breaking. Rule breaking predicted maternal depressive symptoms only in the comparison group. Child sex moderated some relationships. Boys' depression predicted maternal depressive symptoms, whereas maternal depressive symptoms predicted aggression among girls. There was no evidence in this sample that child maltreatment increased the effects of maternal depressive symptoms on child outcomes. These results suggest that attention in clinical practice to the importance of addressing maternal depression as well as addressing children's functioning should continue into adolescence. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).