Jennifer Glaus1, Anna Van Meter2, Lihong Cui3, Ciro Marangoni4, Kathleen R Merikangas5. 1. Genetic Epidemiology Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, 35 Convent Drive, MSC 3720, Bldg 35A, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States. Electronic address: jennifer.glaus@nih.gov. 2. Ferkauf Graduate School, Yeshiva University, University in New York, 1165 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, New York 10461, United States. Electronic address: anna.vanmeter@einstein.yu.edu. 3. Genetic Epidemiology Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, 35 Convent Drive, MSC 3720, Bldg 35A, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States. Electronic address: cuil@mail.nih.gov. 4. Genetic Epidemiology Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, 35 Convent Drive, MSC 3720, Bldg 35A, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States. Electronic address: ciromarangoni@gmail.com. 5. Genetic Epidemiology Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, 35 Convent Drive, MSC 3720, Bldg 35A, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States. Electronic address: merikank@mail.nih.gov.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: There is substantial evidence that bipolar disorder (BD) manifests on a spectrum rather than as a categorical condition. Detection of people with subthreshold manifestations of BD is therefore important. The Hypomania Checklist-32 (HCL-32) was developed as a tool to identify such people. PURPOSE: The aims of this paper were to: (1) investigate the factor structure of HCL-32; (2) determine whether the HCL-32 can discriminate between mood disorder subtypes; and (3) assess the familial aggregation and cross-aggregation of hypomanic symptoms assessed on the HCL with BD. PROCEDURES: Ninety-six probands recruited from the community and 154 of their adult first-degree relatives completed the HCL-32. Diagnosis was based on semi-structured interviews and family history reports. Explanatory factor analysis and mixed effects linear regression models were used. FINDINGS: A four-factor ("Activity/Increased energy," "Distractibility/Irritability", "Novelty seeking/Disinhibition, "Substance use") solution fit the HCL-32, explaining 11.1% of the total variance. The Distractibility/Irritability score was elevated among those with BP-I and BP-II, compared to those with depression and no mood disorders. Higher HCL-32 scores were associated with increased risk of BD-I (OR = 1.22, 95%CI 1.14-1.30). The "Distractibility/Irritability" score was transmitted within families (β = 0.15, p = 0.040). However, there was no familial cross-aggregation between mood disorders and the 4 HCL factors. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the HCL-32 discriminates the mood disorder subtypes, is familial and may provide a dimensional index of propensity to BD. Future studies should explore the heritability of symptoms, rather than focusing on diagnoses.
BACKGROUND: There is substantial evidence that bipolar disorder (BD) manifests on a spectrum rather than as a categorical condition. Detection of people with subthreshold manifestations of BD is therefore important. The Hypomania Checklist-32 (HCL-32) was developed as a tool to identify such people. PURPOSE: The aims of this paper were to: (1) investigate the factor structure of HCL-32; (2) determine whether the HCL-32 can discriminate between mood disorder subtypes; and (3) assess the familial aggregation and cross-aggregation of hypomanic symptoms assessed on the HCL with BD. PROCEDURES: Ninety-six probands recruited from the community and 154 of their adult first-degree relatives completed the HCL-32. Diagnosis was based on semi-structured interviews and family history reports. Explanatory factor analysis and mixed effects linear regression models were used. FINDINGS: A four-factor ("Activity/Increased energy," "Distractibility/Irritability", "Novelty seeking/Disinhibition, "Substance use") solution fit the HCL-32, explaining 11.1% of the total variance. The Distractibility/Irritability score was elevated among those with BP-I and BP-II, compared to those with depression and no mood disorders. Higher HCL-32 scores were associated with increased risk of BD-I (OR = 1.22, 95%CI 1.14-1.30). The "Distractibility/Irritability" score was transmitted within families (β = 0.15, p = 0.040). However, there was no familial cross-aggregation between mood disorders and the 4 HCL factors. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the HCL-32 discriminates the mood disorder subtypes, is familial and may provide a dimensional index of propensity to BD. Future studies should explore the heritability of symptoms, rather than focusing on diagnoses.
Authors: K R Merikangas; M Stolar; D E Stevens; J Goulet; M A Preisig; B Fenton; H Zhang; S S O'Malley; B J Rounsaville Journal: Arch Gen Psychiatry Date: 1998-11
Authors: Boris Birmaher; David Brent; William Bernet; Oscar Bukstein; Heather Walter; R Scott Benson; Allan Chrisman; Tiffany Farchione; Laurence Greenhill; John Hamilton; Helene Keable; Joan Kinlan; Ulrich Schoettle; Saundra Stock; Kristin Kroeger Ptakowski; Jennifer Medicus Journal: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry Date: 2007-11 Impact factor: 8.829
Authors: Alex Gamma; Jules Angst; Jean-Michel Azorin; Charles L Bowden; Giulio Perugi; Eduard Vieta; Allan H Young Journal: Bipolar Disord Date: 2013-07-12 Impact factor: 6.744