Nitin Shivappa1, James R Hébert1, Nicola Veronese2, Maria Gabriella Caruso3, Maria Notarnicola4, Stefania Maggi5, Brendon Stubbs6, Joseph Firth7, Michele Fornaro8, Marco Solmi9. 1. Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; Connecting Health Innovations LLC, Columbia, SC 29201 USA. 2. National Research Council, Neuroscience Institute, Aging Branch, Padova, Italy; Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, National Institute of Gastroenterology-Research Hospital, IRCCS "S. de Bellis", Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy; Ambulatory of Clinical Nutrition, National Institute of Gastroenterology-Research Hospital, IRCCS "S. de Bellis", Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy. 3. Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, National Institute of Gastroenterology-Research Hospital, IRCCS "S. de Bellis", Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy; Ambulatory of Clinical Nutrition, National Institute of Gastroenterology-Research Hospital, IRCCS "S. de Bellis", Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy. 4. Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, National Institute of Gastroenterology-Research Hospital, IRCCS "S. de Bellis", Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy. 5. National Research Council, Neuroscience Institute, Aging Branch, Padova, Italy. 6. South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Faculty of Health, Social Care and Education, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, UK. 7. NICM Health Research Institute, University of Western Sydney, Sydney, Australia. 8. University of Naples Psychiatry Department, Naples, Italy. 9. Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry Unit, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, Padova 2 35128, Italy. Electronic address: marco.solmi83@gmail.com.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Diet is a common source of inflammation, and inflammation is associated with depression. We examined the association between the dietary inflammatory index (DII®), a validated measure of inflammatory potential of the diet, and risk of depression in a cohort of older North American adults. METHODS: This longitudinal study, with a follow-up of 8 years, included 3648 participants (1577 males, 2071 females; mean age: 60.6 years) with/at risk of knee osteoarthritis. DII® scores were calculated using the validated Block Brief 2000 Food-Frequency Questionnaire. Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression-20 scale was used to define depressive symptoms. The relationship between baseline DII® score and incident depression was assessed through Cox's regression analysis, adjusted for potential confounders, and reported as hazard ratios (HRs). RESULTS: In total, 837 individuals (310 men and 527 women) developed incident depressive symptoms over the course of 8 years. Participants in the most pro-inflammatory group (quartile 4) had approximately 24% higher risk of developing depressive symptoms compared to subjects with the most anti-inflammatory diet (HR: 1.24; 95% CI: 1.01-1.53; p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that a pro-inflammatory diet may be associated with higher incidence of depressive symptoms in a cohort of older Americans. Transitioning to a more anti-inflammatory diet may reduce depression risk.
BACKGROUND: Diet is a common source of inflammation, and inflammation is associated with depression. We examined the association between the dietary inflammatory index (DII®), a validated measure of inflammatory potential of the diet, and risk of depression in a cohort of older North American adults. METHODS: This longitudinal study, with a follow-up of 8 years, included 3648 participants (1577 males, 2071 females; mean age: 60.6 years) with/at risk of knee osteoarthritis. DII® scores were calculated using the validated Block Brief 2000 Food-Frequency Questionnaire. Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression-20 scale was used to define depressive symptoms. The relationship between baseline DII® score and incident depression was assessed through Cox's regression analysis, adjusted for potential confounders, and reported as hazard ratios (HRs). RESULTS: In total, 837 individuals (310 men and 527 women) developed incident depressive symptoms over the course of 8 years. Participants in the most pro-inflammatory group (quartile 4) had approximately 24% higher risk of developing depressive symptoms compared to subjects with the most anti-inflammatory diet (HR: 1.24; 95% CI: 1.01-1.53; p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that a pro-inflammatory diet may be associated with higher incidence of depressive symptoms in a cohort of older Americans. Transitioning to a more anti-inflammatory diet may reduce depression risk.
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