Caroline Hensley1, Pamela C Heaton2, Robert S Kahn1,3, Heidi R Luder2, Stacey M Frede2,4, Andrew F Beck5,3. 1. Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and. 2. James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio. 3. Division of General & Community Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; and. 4. Kroger Pharmacy, Cincinnati, Ohio. 5. Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and andrew.beck1@cchmc.org.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Variability in primary medication nonadherence (PMN), or failure to fill a new prescription, influences disparities and widens equity gaps. This study sought to evaluate PMN across 1 metropolitan area and assess relationships with underlying zip code-level measures. METHODS: This was a retrospective observational study using data extracted from 1 regional community pharmacy market-share leader (October 2016-April 2017). Data included patient age, sex, payer, medication type, and home zip code. This zip code was connected to US census measures enumerating poverty and vehicle access, which were treated as continuous variables and within quintiles. The prescription-level outcome was whether prescriptions were not filled within 30 days of reaching the pharmacy. The ecological-level outcome was PMN calculated for each zip code (numerator, unfilled prescriptions; denominator, received prescriptions). RESULTS: There were 213 719 prescriptions received by 54 included pharmacies; 12.2% were unfilled. Older children, boys, and those with public insurance were more likely to have prescriptions not filled. Prescriptions originating from the highest poverty quintile were significantly more likely to not be filled than those from the lowest poverty quintile (adjusted odds ratio 1.60; 95% confidence interval 1.52-1.69); a similar pattern was noted for vehicle access (adjusted odds ratio 1.77; 95% confidence interval 1.68-1.87). At the ecological level, there were significant, graded relationships between PMN rates and poverty and vehicle access (both P < .0001); these gradients extended across all medication classes. CONCLUSIONS: Poverty and vehicle access are related to significant differences in prescription- and ecological-level PMN across 1 metropolitan area. Pharmacists and pharmacies can be key partners in population health efforts.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Variability in primary medication nonadherence (PMN), or failure to fill a new prescription, influences disparities and widens equity gaps. This study sought to evaluate PMN across 1 metropolitan area and assess relationships with underlying zip code-level measures. METHODS: This was a retrospective observational study using data extracted from 1 regional community pharmacy market-share leader (October 2016-April 2017). Data included patient age, sex, payer, medication type, and home zip code. This zip code was connected to US census measures enumerating poverty and vehicle access, which were treated as continuous variables and within quintiles. The prescription-level outcome was whether prescriptions were not filled within 30 days of reaching the pharmacy. The ecological-level outcome was PMN calculated for each zip code (numerator, unfilled prescriptions; denominator, received prescriptions). RESULTS: There were 213 719 prescriptions received by 54 included pharmacies; 12.2% were unfilled. Older children, boys, and those with public insurance were more likely to have prescriptions not filled. Prescriptions originating from the highest poverty quintile were significantly more likely to not be filled than those from the lowest poverty quintile (adjusted odds ratio 1.60; 95% confidence interval 1.52-1.69); a similar pattern was noted for vehicle access (adjusted odds ratio 1.77; 95% confidence interval 1.68-1.87). At the ecological level, there were significant, graded relationships between PMN rates and poverty and vehicle access (both P < .0001); these gradients extended across all medication classes. CONCLUSIONS: Poverty and vehicle access are related to significant differences in prescription- and ecological-level PMN across 1 metropolitan area. Pharmacists and pharmacies can be key partners in population health efforts.
Authors: Michael A Fischer; Niteesh K Choudhry; Gregory Brill; Jerry Avorn; Sebastian Schneeweiss; David Hutchins; Joshua N Liberman; Troyen A Brennan; William H Shrank Journal: Am J Med Date: 2011-11 Impact factor: 4.965
Authors: Dolores Acevedo-Garcia; Theresa L Osypuk; Nancy McArdle; David R Williams Journal: Health Aff (Millwood) Date: 2008 Mar-Apr Impact factor: 6.301
Authors: Carolyn C Foster; Anna Chorniy; Soyang Kwon; Kristin Kan; Nia Heard-Garris; Matthew M Davis Journal: Pediatrics Date: 2021-09 Impact factor: 9.703
Authors: Sharad I Wadhwani; John C Bucuvalas; Cole Brokamp; Ravinder Anand; Ashutosh Gupta; Stuart Taylor; Eyal Shemesh; Andrew F Beck Journal: Transplantation Date: 2020-11 Impact factor: 5.385
Authors: Macarius M Donneyong; Teng-Jen Chang; John W Jackson; Michael A Langston; Paul D Juarez; Shawnita Sealy-Jefferson; Bo Lu; Wansoo Im; R Burciaga Valdez; Baldwin M Way; Cynthia Colen; Michael A Fischer; Pamela Salsberry; John F P Bridges; Darryl B Hood Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2020-09-14 Impact factor: 3.390
Authors: Margaret E Samuels-Kalow; Gia E Ciccolo; Michelle P Lin; Elizabeth M Schoenfeld; Carlos A Camargo Journal: J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open Date: 2020-07-20