Bounfeng Phoummalaysith1, Eiko Yamamoto2, Anonh Xeuatvongsa3, Viengsakhone Louangpradith4, Bounxou Keohavong5, Yu Mon Saw6, Nobuyuki Hamajima6. 1. Department of Healthcare Administration, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; National Health Insurance Bureau, Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Lao Democratic People's Republic. 2. Department of Healthcare Administration, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan. Electronic address: yamaeiko@med.nagoya-u.ac.jp. 3. National Immunization Program, Maternal and Child Health Center, Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Lao Democratic People's Republic. 4. Department of Healthcare Administration, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; Administration and Planning Department, Mittaphab Hospital, Vientiane, Lao Democratic People's Republic. 5. Department of Healthcare Administration, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; Food and Drug Department, Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Lao Democratic People's Republic. 6. Department of Healthcare Administration, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Routine vaccination is administered free of charge to all children under one year old in Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) and the national goal is to achieve at least 95% coverage with all vaccines included in the national immunization program by 2025. In this study, factors related to the immunization system and characteristics of provinces and districts in Lao PDR were examined to evaluate the association with routine immunization coverage. METHODS: Coverage rates for Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis-Hepatitis B (DTP-HepB), DTP-HepB-Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type B), polio (OPV), and measles (MCV1) vaccines from 2002 to 2014 collected through regular reporting system, were used to identify the immunization coverage trends in Lao PDR. Correlation analysis was performed using immunization coverage, characteristics of provinces or districts (population, population density, and proportion of poor villages and high-risk villages), and factors related to immunization service (including the proportions of the following: villages served by health facility levels, vaccine session types, and presence of well-functioning cold chain equipment). To determine factors associated with low coverage, provinces were categorized based on 80% of DTP-HepB-Hib3 coverage (<80% = low group; ≥80% = high group). RESULTS: Coverages of BCG, DTP-HepB3, OPV3 and MCV1 increased gradually from 2007 to 2014 (82.2-88.3% in 2014). However, BCG coverage showed the least improvement from 2002 to 2014. The coverage of each vaccine correlated with the coverage of the other vaccines and DTP-HepB-Hib dropout rate in provinces as well as districts. The provinces with low immunization coverage were correlated with higher proportions of poor villages. CONCLUSIONS: Routine immunization coverage has been improving in the last 13 years, but the national goal is not yet reached in Lao PDR. The results of this study suggest that BCG coverage and poor villages should be targeted to improve nationwide coverage.
BACKGROUND: Routine vaccination is administered free of charge to all children under one year old in LaoPeople's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) and the national goal is to achieve at least 95% coverage with all vaccines included in the national immunization program by 2025. In this study, factors related to the immunization system and characteristics of provinces and districts in Lao PDR were examined to evaluate the association with routine immunization coverage. METHODS: Coverage rates for Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis-Hepatitis B (DTP-HepB), DTP-HepB-Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type B), polio (OPV), and measles (MCV1) vaccines from 2002 to 2014 collected through regular reporting system, were used to identify the immunization coverage trends in Lao PDR. Correlation analysis was performed using immunization coverage, characteristics of provinces or districts (population, population density, and proportion of poor villages and high-risk villages), and factors related to immunization service (including the proportions of the following: villages served by health facility levels, vaccine session types, and presence of well-functioning cold chain equipment). To determine factors associated with low coverage, provinces were categorized based on 80% of DTP-HepB-Hib3 coverage (<80% = low group; ≥80% = high group). RESULTS: Coverages of BCG, DTP-HepB3, OPV3 and MCV1 increased gradually from 2007 to 2014 (82.2-88.3% in 2014). However, BCG coverage showed the least improvement from 2002 to 2014. The coverage of each vaccine correlated with the coverage of the other vaccines and DTP-HepB-Hib dropout rate in provinces as well as districts. The provinces with low immunization coverage were correlated with higher proportions of poor villages. CONCLUSIONS: Routine immunization coverage has been improving in the last 13 years, but the national goal is not yet reached in Lao PDR. The results of this study suggest that BCG coverage and poor villages should be targeted to improve nationwide coverage.
Authors: Ana Amélia Corrêa de Araújo Veras; Suely Arruda Vidal; Vilma Costa de Macêdo; Marília de Carvalho Lima; Pedro Israel Cabral de Lira; Eduardo Jorge da Fonseca Lima; Malaquias Batista Filho Journal: Risk Manag Healthc Policy Date: 2021-10-14
Authors: Jocelyn Chan; Jana Y R Lai; Cattram D Nguyen; Keoudomphone Vilivong; Eileen M Dunne; Audrey Dubot-Pérès; Kimberley Fox; Jason Hinds; Kerryn A Moore; Monica L Nation; Casey L Pell; Anonh Xeuatvongsa; Manivanh Vongsouvath; Paul N Newton; Kim Mulholland; Catherine Satzke; David A B Dance; Fiona M Russell Journal: BMJ Glob Health Date: 2021-06
Authors: Ana Amélia Corrêa de Araújo Veras; Eduardo Jorge da Fonseca Lima; Maria de Fátima Costa Caminha; Suzana Lins da Silva; Amanda Alves Moreira de Castro; Andressa Lílian Bezerra Bernardo; Maria Lídia Amaral Barbosa Ventura; Pedro Israel Cabral de Lira; Malaquias Batista Filho Journal: BMC Public Health Date: 2020-07-22 Impact factor: 3.295