| Apatite(Fluorapatite) | Distribution: Only tiny specs of phosphorous were detected, thus apatite is virtually absent in the hosting mudstone. | Distribution: Detected only from a very small number of bone fragments in the region closely adjacent to the bone surface. | Distribution: Main phase of the bone matrix region. |
| | Appearance: Composed of tightly packed euhedral fluorapatite crystals ranging from 80~200 nm. Varying degrees of preferred orientation along the long axis of the bone |
| Calcite | Distribution: Widely distributed throughout the entire region as clusters of calcite microcrystals occupying the pore spaces. | Distribution: Widely distributed throughout the entire region and is the main constituent of the matrix. | Distribution: Widely distributed as clusters of calcite microcrystals filling pores and cracks in the bone. |
| Appearance: Individual microcrystals usually around a few microns to 30 μm of varying orientations tightly packed in clusters mostly under 200 μm. Only a few clusters exceed 300 μm in width. | Appearance: Individual crystals of submicron to a few microns scale prominent throughout regions with rich clay content. A thin cluster of calcite microcrystals nearly 2 mm of length adjacent to the bone region is composed of microcrystals usually around a few microns to 30 μm. | Appearance: Individual microcrystals usually around a few microns to 30 μm tightly packed in clusters correlating to the size of the pores. Pores typically exceeding 40 μm are filled with calcite microcrystals. |
| ClaysIllite | Distribution: Main constituent of the mudstone matrix. | Distribution: Widely distributed and secondary constituent of the matrix. | Distribution: Widely distributed in smaller pores and the matrix. |
| Appearance: Exists as thin plates of varying orientations. Illite crystals occupy even extremely constrained spaces. | Appearance: Exists as thin plates of varying orientations. Usually wedged between larger calcite crystals. | Appearance: Exists as thin plates of varying orientations. |
| Vermiculite | Distribution: Minor clay phase throughout the matrix. Detected and identified through XRD analysis. | Distribution: Secondary clay phase, concentrated near the mudstone. | Not detected. |
| Appearance: Exist as thin plates of varying orientations. | |
| Kaolinite | Distribution: Minor clay phase throughout the matrix. Detected and identified through XRD analysis. | Not detected. | Not detected. |
| Quartz | Distribution: Widely distributed throughout the entire region as clastic grains, and is the most abundant visible grain. | Distribution: Most widely distributed among visible detrital grains. | Distribution: Sparsely distributed throughout the matrix region (XRD), directly observed by EM. |
| Appearance: Individual grains range from a few μm to over 300 μm in width and are in varying orientations. All grains are anhedral and grains exceeding 200 μm are sparse. | Appearance: Individual grains of varying orientations range from a few microns to over 200 μm in width although mostly under 50 μm. All grains are anhedral. | Appearance: Individual crystals with virtually round morphology in submicron scale. Usually around a few hundred nanometers. |
| FeldsparsAlbite | Distribution: Widely distributed throughout the region | Distribution: Common throughout the region, secondary clast phase. | Distribution: Sparse throughout the region (XRD), not directly observed by TEM. |
| Appearance: Anhedral grains usually around and under 50 μm in width. | Appearance: Anhedral grains usually around and under 30 μm in width. | Appearance: Grains around or under 10 μm. |
| Sanidine | Distribution: Moderately distributed throughout the region, secondary feldspar phase. | Not detected in the main sample, was not discernible through chemical mapping due to overlapping chemical elements with illite. | Not detected. |
| Appearance: Anhedral clasts usually under 100 μm in width. | | |
| Andesine | Distribution: Very sparsely distributed throughout the region. | Not detected in the main sample, although not excluding its presence in other samples. | Not detected |
| Appearance: Anhedral clasts usually exceeding 100 μm in width. | | |
| Magnetite | Sparsely distributed throughout all regions. |
| Individual grains range from submicron scale to usually less than 10 μm. |
| Crystal shape superficially similar to apatite, but significantly larger and can be easily distinguished through chemical analysis. |
| Ilmenite | Distributed in the mudstone and boundary region albeit very sparsely. |
| Individual grains range from a few microns to less than 20 μm. |