| Literature DB >> 29576631 |
Veronika Günther1, Ibrahim Alkatout1, Wiebe Junkers2, Nicolai Maass1, Malte Ziemann3,4, Siegfried Görg3,4, Sören von Otte2.
Abstract
Around 1 - 3% of all couples who try to have a child are affected by recurrent miscarriage. According to the WHO, recurrent miscarriage is defined as the occurrence of three or more consecutive miscarriages up to the 20th week of pregnancy. There are various causes of recurrent miscarriage; in many cases, the causes remain unclear, with the result that immunological factors are one of the possible causes discussed. For the mother's immune system, the embryo represents a semi-allogeneic transplant, as half of the embryo's genes are of paternal origin. In place of a conventional immune response, the embryo induces a secondary protection mechanism, which contributes to the successful implantation. When performing immunisation with partner lymphocytes, the patient receives an intradermal injection of her partner's prepared lymphocytes into the volar side of the forearm in order to induce immunomodulation with a consequently increased rate of pregnancy and live birth. A prerequisite for this procedure is that all other possible causes of sterility have been ruled out in advance. Due to the highly heterogeneous nature of the data, a significant benefit as a result of the immunisation cannot yet be clearly proven. However, there are signs that the therapy may be effective when using lymphocytes that have been extracted as short a time beforehand as possible. Overall, the treatment represents a safe, low-risk procedure. Following a detailed informative discussion with the couple regarding the chances of success and following a detailed review of the indication and contraindications, immunisation with partner lymphocytes can be discussed with the couple on a case-by-case basis - provided that all other possible causes of sterility have been ruled out in advance.Entities:
Keywords: immunisation; immunology; implantation; miscarriage; partner lymphocytes
Year: 2018 PMID: 29576631 PMCID: PMC5862550 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-101609
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd ISSN: 0016-5751 Impact factor: 2.915
Fig. 1Immunocompetent cells of the foetomaternal interface (according to 17 ). In the intervillous space, the trophoblast is in direct contact with the maternal blood. There is a special cellular immunological environment in the decidua. The individual cellular components with their most important molecules are presented here. TLR: toll-like receptor; DC: dendritic cells; TGF-beta: transforming growth factor; uNK cells: uterine natural killer cells; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; IFN-gamma: interferon gamma.
Fig. 2Major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The HLA (human leukocyte antigen) system is located on the short arm of chromosome 6 and is also known as the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The typical MHC genes are divided into two regions, which code two classes of HLA molecules: HLA Class I (HLA-A, -B, -C), which are found on all nucleated somatic cells and HLA Class II (HLA-DR, -DQ, -DP), which are found only on antigen-presenting cells. The HLA Class III molecules include complement factors, which are involved in the non-specific immune defence. The overall HLA complex comprises around 4000 kilobases (Kb) and is very polymorphic, i.e. there are several genetic variants (alleles) for most gene loci. Source: Zentrum für Humangenetik und Laboratoriumsdiagnostik (MVZ) [Center for Human Genetics and Laboratory Diagnostics (AHC)], Dr. Hirv, Dr. Bangol, Martinsried.
Table 1 Current study situation for immunisation with partner lymphocytes: a comparison of three meta-analyses (Wong LF et al., 2014, Liu Z. et al., 2016, Cavalcante MB et al., 2016) with the respective included studies.
| Study | Year | Design | Number of patients | Age, years | Treatment time | Treatment group | Placebo group | Storage | Dosage, administration route | Outcome parameters (LB ± advanced pr.) | Successful outcome | p | Taken into account in the meta-analysis | Comment | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment group | Placebo group | Wong 2014 | Liu 2016 | Cavalcante 2016 | ||||||||||||||
| AB: antibody, do-blind: double-blind, i. m.: intramuscular, i. d.: intradermal, i. v.: intravenous, n.sp.: not specified, LCT-XM: cross test with paternal lymphocytes in lymphocyte toxicity test, LB: live birth, Ly: lymphocytes, MLR-Bf: mixed lymphocyte reaction blocking antibody, MLy: maternal lymphocytes, NS: not significant, PLy: paternal lymphocytes, RCT: randomised controlled trial, s. c.: subcutaneous, si-blind: single-blind, DLy: donor lymphocytes, Pr.: pregnancy, WoP: week of pregnancy, TCM: traditional Chinese medicine, rep.: repeat | ||||||||||||||||||
| 1 |
Mowbray JF et al.
| 1985 | RCT, do-blind, paired sequence analysis | 49 | N.sp. | Before pr. | PLy | MLy from 20 ml blood | N.sp. | 400 ml citrated blood, 3 ml i. v.; 1 ml i. d.; 1 ml s. c. | LB + pr. ≥ 28 WoP within 12 months | 77% (17/22) | 37% (10/27) | 0.01 | x | x | ||
| 2 |
Cauchi MN et al.
| 1991 | RCT, do-blind, paired sequence analysis | 46 | N.sp. | Before pr. | PLy | NaCl | N.sp. | 100 – 1000 × 10 6 Ly; 1 ml i. v.; 1 ml i. d.+s. c. | LB + pr. ≥ 20 WoP | 62% (13/21) | 76% (19/25) | 1.0 | x | x | x | |
| 3 |
Ho HN et al.
| 1991 | RCT, do-blind | 99 | 28.5 ± 2.6 | Before pr. | PLy/DLy | MLy | N.sp. | 100 – 200 × 10 6 Ly; 2 ml i. d. | LB + pr. ≥ 20 WoP | 78% (39/50) | 65% (32/49) | > 0.1 | x | x | x | 2. Immunisation if neither pregnancy nor antibodies detected within 6 months |
| 4 |
Gatenby PA et al.
| 1993 | RCT, do-blind, paired sequence analysis | 38 | 33 ± 4.6 | Before pr. | PLy | MLy | N.sp. | 400 × 10 6 Ly; 3 ml i. v.; 1 ml i. d.; 1 ml s. c. | LB | 68% (13/19) | 47% (9/19) | 0.1 | x | x | x | |
| 5 |
Carp HP et al.
| 1997 | RCT, do-blind | 42 | 31 ± 4.26 (24 – 45) | Before pr. | PLy | N.sp. | N.sp. | Various | LB | 45% (5/11) | 19% (6/31) | NS | x | x | ||
| 6 |
Kilpatrick DC et al.
| 1994 | RCT, do-blind | 22 | N.sp. | Before pr. + 1 × rep. up to 6th WoP | PLy | MLy | N.sp. | 50 – 200 × 10 6 Ly from 100 ml blood 4 ml, i. d., s. c., i. v. | N.sp. | 67% (8/12) | 60% (6/10) | N.sp. | x | x | Unpublished data, according to Wong LF et al., 2014 | |
| 7 |
Clark DA, Daya S
| 1991 | RCT, do-blind | 18 | N.sp. | Before pr. | PLy | NaCl | N.sp. | 40 × 10 6 Ly i. d. | LB | 63% (7/11) | 28% (2/7) | N.sp. | x | x | ||
| 8 |
Pandey MK
| 2003 | RCT, do-blind | 19 | N.sp. | Before pr. | PLy | MLy/NaCl | N.sp. | 5 × 10 6 L, i. d. | N.sp. | 86% (12/14) | 20% (1/5) | N.sp. | x | x | ||
| 9 |
Yanping C et al.
| 2011 | RCT, do-blind | 94 | N.sp. | Before and 3 × up to 12th WoP | PLy | N.sp. | N.sp. | 20 – 40 × 10 6 Ly; 2 ml i. d. (6 – 8×) | N.sp. | 84% (41/49) | 53% (24/45) | N.sp. | x | x | Article in Chinese, information according to Liu Z et al., 2016 | |
| 10 |
Lin S et al.
| 2012 | RCT, do-blind | 84 | N.sp. | Before and every 2 weeks up to 16th WoP | PLy | N.sp. | N.sp. | 10 ml citrated blood s. c. | N.sp. | 79% (33/42) | 40% (17/42) | N.sp. | x | x | Article in Chinese, information according to Liu Z et al., 2016 | |
| 11 |
Aiwu W et al.
| 2013 | RCT, si-blind | 78 | N.sp. | Every 3 weeks up to 12th WoP | PLy/DLy | TCM | N.sp. | 20 – 30 × 10 6 Ly; 1 ml s. c. | N.sp. | 82% (32/39) | 46% (18/39) | N.sp. | x | x | Article in Chinese, information according to Liu Z et al., 2016 | |
| 12 |
Bin T et al.
| 2013 | RCT, do-blind | 888 | N.sp. | Before and 2 × during Pr. | PLy/DLy | N.sp. | N.sp. | 25 ml citrated blood; 0.2 ml 4 – 6× i. d. | N.sp. | 84% (250/297) | 43% (254/591) | N.sp. | x | x | Article in Chinese, information according to Liu Z et al., 2016 | |
| 13 |
Hong L et al.
| 2003 | RCT, do-blind | 29 | N.sp. | Before and during early Pr. | PLy | N.sp. | N.sp. | 20 – 30 × 10 6 Ly; 0.3 ml i. d. (3×) | N.sp. | 86% (18/21) | 25% (2/8) | N.sp. | x | x | Article in Chinese, information according to Liu Z et al., 2016 | |
| 14 |
Stray-Pederson S
| 1994 | RCT, do-blind | 64 | N.sp. | N.sp. | PLy | N.sp. | N.sp. | N.sp. | N.sp. | 73% (24/33) | 71% (22/31) | N.sp. | x | Unpublished data, according to Wong LF et al. 2014 | ||
| 15 |
Coulam CB et al.
| London | RCT | 67 | N.sp. | N.sp. | PLy | PLy, from 40 ml blood, 2/3 i. v., 1/6 i. d., 1/6 s. c. | N.sp. | Ly from 400 ml blood, 2/3 i. v., 1/6 i. d., 1/6 s. c. | LB | 68% (25/37) | 47% (14/30) | N.sp. | x | |||
| Taipei | RCT, do-blind | 102 | N.sp. | Before Pr., boost with Ly from 50 ml blood i. d. after 6 months or during Pr. | PLy | MLy | N.sp. | 100 – 200 × 10 6 Ly, i. d. | LB | 77% (41/53) | 65% (32/49) | N.sp. | x | |||||
| Melbourne | RCT, do-blind | 42 | N.sp. | Before pr. | PLy | NaCl | N.sp. | Ly from 100 – 150 ml blood, 1/2 i. v., 1/2 i. d. and s. c. | LB | 65% (13/20) | 73% (16/22) | N.sp. | x | |||||
| Aalborg | RCT, do-blind | 76 | N.sp. | Before Pr., boost up to 6th WoP | PLy/DLy | MLy | N.sp. | Ly from 400 ml blood, i. v. | LB | 65% (31/48) | 57% (16/28) | N.sp. | x | |||||
| Sydney | RCT, do-blind | 39 | N.sp. | Before pr. | PLy | MLy | N.sp. | Ly from 400 ml blood, 2/3 i. v., 1/3 i. d., s. c. | LB | 68% (13/19) | 60% (12/20) | N.sp. | x | |||||
| Paris | RCT, do-blind | 52 | N.sp. | Before pr. | PLy | MLy | N.sp. | Ly from 400 ml blood, 4/5 i. v., 1/5 i. d. | LB | 65% (17/26) | 54% (14/26) | N.sp. | x | |||||
| Milan | RCT | 30 | N.sp. | Before pr. | PLy | None | N.sp. | Ly from 400 ml blood, i. v., i. d., s. c. | LB | 63% (10/16) | 79% (11/14) | N.sp. | x | |||||
| Edinburgh | RCT, do-blind | 22 | N.sp. | Before Pr. + boost up to 6th WoP | PLy | MLy 40 – 60 ml blood | N.sp. | 100 ml blood, 50 – 200 × 10 6 Ly, i. v., i. d., s. c. | LB | 67% (8/12) | 60% (6/10) | N.sp. | x | |||||
| Hamilton | RCT | N.sp. | N.sp. | Before pr. | PLy | NaCl | N.sp. | 50 × 10 6 Ly | LB | N.sp. | N.sp. | N.sp. | x | von Coulam et al. not analysed because a bias was suspected due to the fact that the analysis was carried out in Hamilton itself | ||||
| Total | 430 | LB | 68% (158/231) | 61% (121/199) | < 0.01 | x |
| |||||||||||
| 16 |
Illeni MT et al.
| 1994 | RCT, do-blind | 44 | N.sp. | Before pr. | PLy | None | N.sp. | 400 ml blood, 200 × 10 6 Ly; 1 ml i. v.; 1 ml i. d.; 1 ml s. c. | LB + Pr. | 73% (16/22) | 64% (14/22) | NS | x | x | x | 3 years (1988 – 1991), follow-up after 24/25 months as a median |
| 17 |
Collins J et al.
| 1994 | RCT, 10 sites | 456 | Up to 45 | N.sp. | PLy | N.sp. | N.sp. | N.sp. | LB | 62% (153/245) | 52% (109/211) | 0.026 | x | |||
| 18 |
Ober C et al.
| 1999 | RCT, do-blind, 6 sites | 171 | 33 ± 4.3 (23 – 41) | Before Pr., rep. after 6 months if no Pr. has occurred | PLy | NaCl | Overnight at 1 – 6 °C | 200 × 10 6 Ly 3 ml i. v., 1 ml s. c.; 1 ml i. d. | LB + Pr. ≥ 28th WoP, within 12 months | 36% (31/86) | 48% (41/85) | 0.11 | x | x | Excluded in the meta-analysis of Liu et al. because the study was discontinued due to the fact that there were more miscarriages in the treatment group than in the control group | |
| 19 |
Daya S et al.
| 1994 | x | |||||||||||||||
| London | RCT | 39 | N.sp. | N.sp. | PLy | MLy from 40 ml blood, 2/3 i. v., 1/6 i. d., 1/6 s. c. | N.sp. | Ly from 400 ml blood, 2/3 i. v., 1/6 i. d., 1/6 s. c. | N.sp. | 65% (13/20) | 37% (7/19) | 0.08 | x | |||||
| Taipei | RCT, do-blind | 53 | N.sp. | Before Pr., boost with 50 ml blood after 6 months if no Pr. | PLy/DLy | MLy | N.sp. | 100 – 200 × 10 6 Ly, i. d. | N.sp. | 70% (19/27) | 58% (15/26) | 0.34 | x | |||||
| Melbourne | RCT | 31 | N.sp. | Before pr. | PLy | NaCl | N.sp. | Ly from 100 – 150 ml blood, 1/2 i. v., 1/2 i. d. and s. c. | N.sp. | 56% (9/16) | 73% (11/15) | 0.46 | x | |||||
| Aalborg | RCT, do-blind | 40 | N.sp. | Before Pr., boost up to 6th WoP | PLy/DLy | MLy | N.sp. | Ly from 400 ml blood, i. v. | N.sp. | 68% (17/25) | 40% (6/15) | 0.08 | x | |||||
| Sydney | RCT | 28 | N.sp. | Before pr. | PLy | MLy | N.sp. | Ly from 400 ml blood, 2/3 i. v., 1/3 i. d., s. c. | N.sp. | 42% (5/12) | 38% (6/16) | 1.0 | x | |||||
| Paris | RCT, do-blind | 52 | N.sp. | Before pr. | PLy | MLy | N.sp. | Ly from 400 ml blood, 4/5 i. v., 1/5 i. d. | N.sp. | 63% (17/27) | 40% (10/25) | 0.17 | x | |||||
| Edinburgh | RCT, do-blind | 31 | N.sp. | Before Pr. + boost up to 6th WoP | PLy | MLy 40 – 60 ml blood | N.sp. | 100 ml blood, 50 – 200 × 10 6 Ly, i. v., i. d., s. c. | N.sp. | 50% (8/16) | 27% (4/15) | 0.27 | x | |||||
| Hamilton | RCT, si-blind | 11 | N.sp. | Before pr. | PLy | NaCl | N.sp. | 50 × 10 6 Ly, s. c. | N.sp. | 43% (3/7) | 25% (1/4) | 1.0 | x | |||||
| Meta-analysis of all 8 RCTs | 285 | N.sp. | Before Pr., partly boost | PLy/DLy | NaCl/MLy | Various (see above) | 61% (91/150) | 44% (60/135) | x |
| ||||||||
| 20 |
Scott JR et al.
| 1994 | RCT, do-blind | 22 | N.sp. | Before pr. | PLy or DLy | NaCl | N.sp. | 400 – 900 × 10 7 Ly, i. v. | N.sp. | 60% (6/10) | 42% (5/12) | N.sp. | x | x | ||
| 21 |
Christiansen OB et al.
| 1994 | RCT, do-blind | 66 | 30 (21 – 44) | Before Pr. 2 × immunisation (rep. after 1 month), then rep. every 5 months until Pr. | 2 DLy compatible with AB0 and Rhesus | MLy | N.sp. | 150 ml blood, 150 – 460 × 10 6 Ly i. v. | LB | 71% (31/43); | 48% (11/23) | NS | x | x | x | |
| 22 |
Reznikoff-E MF
| 1994 | RCT, do-blind | 52 | N.sp. | Before Pr., partly during Pr. | PLy | MLy | N.sp. | 400 × 10 7 Ly, 5 ml; 4 ml i. v., 1 ml i. d.+s. c. | N.sp. | 65% (17/26) | 54% (14/26) | N.sp. | x | x | Unpublished data, according to Wong LF et al., 2014 | |
| 23 |
Pandey MK et al.
| 2004 | RCT, do-blind | 124 | N.sp. | Up to 6 × every 4 weeks, until MLR-Bf titre ≥ 30 | PLy | MLy/DLy/NaCl | Overnight (37 °C/5% CO 2 ) | 5 × 10 6 Ly, i. m., i. d., s. c., i. v., each 0.25 ml | LB | 78% (25/32) | 17% (16/92) | < 0.01 | x | x | x | No treatment if MLR-Bf already positive |
Abb. 1Immunkompetente Zellen der fetomaternalen Grenzzone (nach 17 ). Der Trophoblast steht im intervillösen Raum in direktem Kontakt mit dem maternalen Blut. In der Dezidua findet sich ein spezielles zelluläres immunologisches Milieu. Die einzelnen zellulären Komponenten mit ihren wichtigsten Molekülen sind hier dargestellt. TLR: Toll-like-Rezeptor; DC: dendritische Zellen; TGF-beta: Transforming Growth Factor; uNK-Zellen: uterine natürliche Killerzellen; VEGF: Vascular endothelial Growth Factor; IFN-gamma: Interferon-gamma.
Abb. 2Haupthistokompatibilitätskomplex (MHC). Das HLA-(Humanes-Leukozyten-Antigen-)System ist auf dem kurzen Arm von Chromosom 6 lokalisiert und wird auch als Haupthistokompatibilitätskomplex (Major Histocompatibility Complex, MHC) bezeichnet. Die klassischen MHC-Gene sind in 2 Regionen unterteilt, die 2 Klassen von HLA-Molekülen kodieren: HLA-Klasse I (HLA-A, -B, -C), die sich auf allen kernhaltigen Körperzellen befinden, und HLA-Klasse II (HLA-DR, -DQ, -DP), die sich nur auf antigenpräsentierenden Zellen befinden. Zu den HLA-Klasse-III-Molekülen zählen Komplementfaktoren, die an der unspezifischen Immunabwehr beteiligt sind. Der gesamte HLA-Komplex umfasst ca. 4000 Kilobasen (Kb) und ist sehr polymorph, d. h. für die meisten Genorte existieren mehrere genetische Varianten (Allele).
Tab. 1 Aktuelle Studienlage zur Immunisierung mit Partnerlymphozyten: Gegenüberstellung dreier Metaanalysen (Wong LF et al., 2014, Liu Z. et al., 2016, Cavalcante MB et al., 2016) mit den jeweils eingeschlossenen Studien.
| Studie | Jahr | Design | Anzahl Patienten | Alter, Jahren | Behandlungszeitpunkt | Behandlungsgruppe | Placebogruppe | Lagerung | Dosierung, Applikation | Outcome-Parameter (Lg ± fortgeschr. SS) | erfolgreiches Outcome | p | berücksichtigt in Metaanalyse | Kommentar | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Behandlungsgruppe | Placebogruppe | Wong 2014 | Liu 2016 | Cavalcante 2016 | ||||||||||||||
| AK: Antikörper, do-blind: doppelblind, i. m.: intramuskulär, i. c.: intrakutan, i. v.: intravenös, k. A.: keine Angabe, LCT-XM: Kreuztest mit paternalen Lymphozyten im Lymphzytotoxizitätstest, Lg: Lebendgeburt, Ly: Lymphozyten, MLR-Bf: Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction blocking Antibody, MLy: maternale Lymphozyten, n. s.: nicht signifikant, PLy: paternale Lymphozyten, RCT: Randomized controlled Trial, s. c.: subkutan, si-blind: single-blind, SLy: Spenderlymphozyten, SS: Schwangerschaft, SSW: Schwangerschaftswoche, TCM: traditionelle chinesische Medizin, WDH: Wiederholung | ||||||||||||||||||
| 1 |
Mowbray JF et al.
| 1985 | RCT, do-blind, gepaarte Sequenzanalyse | 49 | k. A. | vor SS | PLy | MLy aus 20 ml Blut | k. A. | 400 ml Citratblut, 3 ml i. v.; 1 ml i. c.; 1 ml s. c. | Lg + SS ≥ 28 SSW innerhalb von 12 Monaten | 77% (17/22) | 37% (10/27) | 0,01 | x | x | ||
| 2 |
Cauchi MN et al.
| 1991 | RCT, do-blind, gepaarte Sequenzanalyse | 46 | k. A. | vor SS | PLy | NaCl | k. A. | 100 – 1000 × 10 6 Ly; 1 ml i. v.; 1 ml i. c.+s. c. | Lg + SS ≥ 20 SSW | 62% (13/21) | 76% (19/25) | 1,0 | x | x | x | |
| 3 |
Ho HN et al.
| 1991 | RCT, do-blind | 99 | 28,5 ± 2,6 | vor SS | PLy/SLy | MLy | k. A. | 100 – 200 × 10 6 Ly; 2 ml i. c. | Lg + SS ≥ 20 SSW | 78% (39/50) | 65% (32/49) | > 0,1 | x | x | x | 2. Immunisierung, wenn innerhalb von 6 Monaten weder SS noch AK nachweisbar |
| 4 |
Gatenby PA et al.
| 1993 | RCT, do-blind, gepaarte Sequenzanalyse | 38 | 33 ± 4,6 | vor SS | PLy | MLy | k. A. | 400 × 10 6 Ly; 3 ml i. v.; 1 ml i. c.; 1 ml s. c. | Lg | 68% (13/19) | 47% (9/19) | 0,1 | x | x | x | |
| 5 |
Carp HP et al.
| 1997 | RCT, do-blind | 42 | 31 ± 4,26 (24 – 45) | vor SS | PLy | k. A. | k. A. | diverse | Lg | 45% (5/11) | 19% (6/31) | n. s. | x | x | ||
| 6 |
Kilpatrick DC et al.
| 1994 | RCT, do-blind | 22 | k. A. | vor SS + 1 × WDH bis zur 6. SSW | PLy | MLy | k. A. | 50 – 200 × 10 6 Ly aus 100 ml Blut 4 ml, i. c., s. c., i. v. | k. A. | 67% (8/12) | 60% (6/10) | k. A. | x | x | unveröffentlichte Daten, nach Wong LF et al., 2014 | |
| 7 |
Clark DA, Daya S
| 1991 | RCT, do-blind | 18 | k. A. | vor SS | PLy | NaCl | k. A. | 40 × 10 6 Ly i. c. | Lg | 63% (7/11) | 28% (2/7) | k. A. | x | x | ||
| 8 |
Pandey MK
| 2003 | RCT, do-blind | 19 | k. A. | vor SS | PLy | MLy/NaCl | k. A. | 5 × 10 6 L, i. c. | k. A. | 86% (12/14) | 20% (1/5) | k. A. | x | x | ||
| 9 |
Yanping C et al.
| 2011 | RCT, do-blind | 94 | k. A. | vor und 3 × bis zur 12. SSW | PLy | k. A. | k. A. | 20 – 40 × 10 6 Ly; 2 ml i. c. (6 – 8×) | k. A. | 84% (41/49) | 53% (24/45) | k. A. | x | x | Artikel auf chinesisch, Angaben nach Liu Z et al., 2016 | |
| 10 |
Lin S et al.
| 2012 | RCT, do-blind | 84 | k. A. | vor und alle 2 Wo bis zur 16. SSW | PLy | k. A. | k. A. | 10 ml Citratblut s. c. | k. A. | 79% (33/42) | 40% (17/42) | k. A. | x | x | Artikel auf chinesisch, Angaben nach Liu Z et al., 2016 | |
| 11 |
Aiwu W et al.
| 2013 | RCT, si-blind | 78 | k. A. | alle 3 Wo bis zur 12. SSW | PLy/SLy | TCM | k. A. | 20 – 30 × 10 6 Ly; 1 ml s. c. | k. A. | 82% (32/39) | 46% (18/39) | k. A. | x | x | Artikel auf chinesisch, Angaben nach Liu Z et al., 2016 | |
| 12 |
Bin T et al.
| 2013 | RCT, do-blind | 888 | k. A. | vor und 2 × in der SS | PLy/SLy | k. A. | k. A. | 25 ml Citratblut; 0,2 ml 4 – 6× i. c. | k. A. | 84% (250/297) | 43% (254/591) | k. A. | x | x | Artikel auf chinesisch, Angaben nach Liu Z et al., 2016 | |
| 13 |
Hong L et al.
| 2003 | RCT, do-blind | 29 | k. A. | vor und in der Früh-SS | PLy | k. A. | k. A. | 20 – 30 × 10 6 Ly; 0,3 ml i. c. (3×) | k. A. | 86% (18/21) | 25% (2/8) | k. A. | x | x | Artikel auf chinesisch, Angaben nach Liu Z et al., 2016 | |
| 14 |
Stray-Pederson S
| 1994 | RCT, do-blind | 64 | k. A. | k. A. | PLy | k. A. | k. A. | k. A. | k. A. | 73% (24/33) | 71% (22/31) | k. A. | x | unveröffentlichte Daten, nach Wong LF et al. 2014 | ||
| 15 |
Coulam CB et al.
| London | RCT | 67 | k. A. | k. A. | PLy | PLy, aus 40 ml Blut, 2/3 i. v., 1/6 i. c., 1/6 s. c. | k. A. | Ly aus 400 ml Blut, 2/3 i. v., 1/6 i. c., 1/6 s. c. | Lg | 68% (25/37) | 47% (14/30) | k. A. | x | |||
| Taipei | RCT, do-blind | 102 | k. A. | vor SS, Boost mit Ly aus 50 ml Blut i. c. nach 6 Mo oder in der SS | PLy | MLy | k. A. | 100 – 200 × 10 6 Ly, i. c. | Lg | 77% (41/53) | 65% (32/49) | k. A. | x | |||||
| Melbourne | RCT, do-blind | 42 | k. A. | vor SS | PLy | NaCl | k. A. | Ly aus 100 – 150 ml Blut, 1/2 i. v., 1/2 i. c. und s. c. | Lg | 65% (13/20) | 73% (16/22) | k. A. | x | |||||
| Aalborg | RCT, do-blind | 76 | k. A. | vor SS, Boost bis zur 6. SSW | PLy/SLy | MLy | k. A. | Ly aus 400 ml Blut, i. v. | Lg | 65% (31/48) | 57% (16/28) | k. A. | x | |||||
| Sydney | RCT, do-blind | 39 | k. A. | vor SS | PLy | MLy | k. A. | Ly aus 400 ml Blut, 2/3 i. v., 1/3 i. c., s. c. | Lg | 68% (13/19) | 60% (12/20) | k. A. | x | |||||
| Paris | RCT, do-blind | 52 | k. A. | vor SS | PLy | MLy | k. A. | Ly aus 400 ml Blut, 4/5 i. v., 1/5 i. c. | Lg | 65% (17/26) | 54% (14/26) | k. A. | x | |||||
| Milan | RCT | 30 | k. A. | vor SS | PLy | keine | k. A. | Ly aus 400 ml Blut, i. v., i. c., s. c. | Lg | 63% (10/16) | 79% (11/14) | k. A. | x | |||||
| Edinburgh | RCT, do-blind | 22 | k. A. | vor SS + Boost bis zur 6. SSW | PLy | MLy 40 – 60 ml Blut | k. A. | 100 ml Blut, 50 – 200 × 10 6 Ly, i. v., i. c., s. c. | Lg | 67% (8/12) | 60% (6/10) | k. A. | x | |||||
| Hamilton | RCT | k. A. | k. A. | vor SS | PLy | NaCl | k. A. | 50 × 10 6 Ly | Lg | k. A. | k. A. | k. A. | x | von Coulam et al. nicht ausgewertet, weil ein Bias befürchtet wurde, da die Analyse in Hamilton selbst stattfand | ||||
| Summe | 430 | Lg | 68% (158/231) | 61% (121/199) | < 0,01 | x |
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| 16 |
Illeni MT et al.
| 1994 | RCT, do-blind | 44 | k. A. | vor SS | PLy | Keine | k. A. | 400 ml Blut, 200 × 10 6 Ly; 1 ml i. v.; 1 ml i. c.; 1 ml s. c. | Lg + SS | 73% (16/22) | 64% (14/22) | n. s. | x | x | x | 3 Jahre (1988 – 1991), Follow-up nach 24/25 Monaten im Median |
| 17 |
Collins J et al.
| 1994 | RCT, 10 Zentren | 456 | bis 45 | k. A. | PLy | k. A. | k. A. | k. A. | Lg | 62% (153/245) | 52% (109/211) | 0,026 | x | |||
| 18 |
Ober C et al.
| 1999 | RCT, do-blind, 6 Zentren | 171 | 33 ± 4,3 (23 – 41) | vor SS, WDH nach 6 Monaten, wenn keine SS eingetreten | PLy | NaCL | über Nacht bei 1 – 6 °C | 200 × 10 6 Ly 3 ml i. v., 1 ml s. c.; 1 ml i. c. | Lg + SS ≥ 28. SSW, innerhalb von 12 Monaten | 36% (31/86) | 48% (41/85) | 0,11 | x | x | in Metaanalyse Liu et al. ausgeschlossen, weil Abbruch der Studie, da mehr Aborte in der Treatment- als in Kontrollgruppe | |
| 19 |
Daya S et al.
| 1994 | x | |||||||||||||||
| London | RCT | 39 | k. A. | k. A. | PLy | MLy aus 40 ml Blut, 2/3 i. v., 1/6 i. c., 1/6 s. c. | k. A. | Ly aus 400 ml Blut, 2/3 i. v., 1/6 i. c., 1/6 s. c. | k. A. | 65% (13/20) | 37% (7/19) | 0,08 | x | |||||
| Taipei | RCT, do-blind | 53 | k. A. | vor SS, Boost mit 50 ml Blut nach 6 Monaten wenn keine SS | PLy/SLy | MLy | k. A. | 100 – 200 × 10 6 Ly, i. c. | k. A. | 70% (19/27) | 58% (15/26) | 0,34 | x | |||||
| Melbourne | RCT | 31 | k. A. | vor SS | PLy | NaCl | k. A. | Ly aus 100 – 150 ml Blut, 1/2 i. v., 1/2 i. c. und s. c. | k. A. | 56% (9/16) | 73% (11/15) | 0,46 | x | |||||
| Aalborg | RCT, do-blind | 40 | k. A. | vor SS, Boost bis zur 6. SSW | PLy/SLy | MLy | k. A. | Ly aus 400 ml Blut, i. v. | k. A. | 68% (17/25) | 40% (6/15) | 0,08 | x | |||||
| Sydney | RCT | 28 | k. A. | vor SS | PLy | MLy | k. A. | Ly aus 400 ml Blut, 2/3 i. v., 1/3 i. c., s. c. | k. A. | 42% (5/12) | 38% (6/16) | 1,0 | x | |||||
| Paris | RCT, do-blind | 52 | k. A. | vor SS | PLy | MLy | k. A. | Ly aus 400 ml Blut, 4/5 i. v., 1/5 i. c. | k. A. | 63% (17/27) | 40% (10/25) | 0,17 | x | |||||
| Edinburgh | RCT, do-blind | 31 | k. A. | vor SS + Boost bis zur 6. SSW | PLy | MLy 40 – 60 ml Blut | k. A. | 100 ml Blut, 50 – 200 × 10 6 Ly, i. v., i. c., s. c. | k. A. | 50% (8/16) | 27% (4/15) | 0,27 | x | |||||
| Hamilton | RCT, si-blind | 11 | k. A. | vor SS | PLy | NaCl | k. A. | 50 × 10 6 Ly, s. c. | k. A. | 43% (3/7) | 25% (1/4) | 1,0 | x | |||||
| Metaanalyse aller 8 RCT | 285 | k. A. | vor SS, teils Boost | PLy/SLy | NaCl/MLy | diverse (siehe oben) | 61% (91/150) | 44% (60/135) | x |
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| 20 |
Scott JR et al.
| 1994 | RCT, do-blind | 22 | k. A. | vor SS | PLy o. SLy | NaCl | k. A. | 400 – 900 × 10 7 Ly, i. v. | k. A. | 60% (6/10) | 42% (5/12) | k. A. | x | x | ||
| 21 |
Christiansen OB et al.
| 1994 | RCT, do-blind | 66 | 30 (21 – 44) | vor SS2 × Immunisierung (WDH nach 1 Monat), dann WDH alle 5 Monate bis SS | 2 SLy kompatibel für AB0 und Rhesus | MLy | k. A. | 150 ml Blut, 150 – 460 × 10 6 Ly i. v. | Lg | 71% (31/43); | 48% (11/23) | n. s. | x | x | x | |
| 22 |
Reznikoff-E MF
| 1994 | RCT, do-blind | 52 | k. A. | vor SS, z. T. während der SS | PLy | MLy | k. A. | 400 × 10 7 Ly, 5 ml; 4 ml i. v., 1 ml i. c.+s. c. | k. A. | 65% (17/26) | 54% (14/26) | k. A. | x | x | unveröffentlichte Daten, nach Wong LF et al., 2014 | |
| 23 |
Pandey MK et al.
| 2004 | RCT, do-blind | 124 | k. A. | bis zu 6 × alle 4 Wo, bis MLR-Bf-Titer ≥ 30 | PLy | MLy/SLy/NaCl | über Nacht (37 °C /5% CO 2 ) | 5 × 10 6 Ly, i. m., i. c., s. c., i. v., je 0,25 ml | Lg | 78% (25/32) | 17% (16/92) | < 0,01 | x | x | x | keine Behandlung, wenn MLR-Bf bereits positiv |