Yanjing Wang1, Jinming Lu1, George Ac Beattie2, Mohammad R Islam3, Namgay Om4, Hang T Dao5, Liem Van Nguyen5, Syed M Zaka6, Jun Guo7, Mingyi Tian1, Xiaoling Deng1, Shunyun Tan1, Paul Holford2, Yurong He1, Yijing Cen1. 1. Citrus Huanglongbing Research Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China. 2. School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia. 3. Laboratory of Plant Bacteriology and Biotechnology, Department of Plant Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. 4. National Plant Protection Centre, Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Thimphu, Bhutan. 5. Plant Protection Research Institute, Hanoi, Vietnam. 6. Faculty of Agricultural Science and Technology, Department of Entomology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan. 7. Ruili Experiment Station, Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agriculture Science, Ruili, China.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: In insects, little is known about the co-evolution between their primary endosymbionts and hosts at the intraspecific level. This study examined co-diversification between the notorious agricultural pest Diaphorina citri and its primary endosymbionts (P-endosymbiont), 'Candidatus Carsonella ruddii' at the population level. RESULTS: Maximum likelihood, haplotype network, principal components and Bayesian clustering identified three lineages for D. citri and its P-endosymbiont: a Western clade containing individuals from Pakistan, Bhutan (Phuentsholing), Vietnam (Son La), USA, Myanmar and China (Ruili, Yunnan); a Central clade, with accessions originating from Southwest China, Bhutan (Tsirang) and Bangladesh; and an Eastern clade containing individuals from Southeast Asia, and East and South China. A more diverse genetic structure was apparent in the host mitochondrial DNA than their P-endosymbionts; however, the two sets of data were strongly congruent. CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence for the co-diversification of D. citri and its P-endosymbiont during the migration from South Asia to East and Southeast Asia. We also suggest that the P-endosymbiont may facilitate investigations into the genealogy and migration history of the host. The biogeography of D. citri and its P-endosymbiont indicated that D. citri colonized and underwent a secondary dispersal from South Asia to East and Southeast Asia.
BACKGROUND: In insects, little is known about the co-evolution between their primary endosymbionts and hosts at the intraspecific level. This study examined co-diversification between the notorious agricultural pest Diaphorina citri and its primary endosymbionts (P-endosymbiont), 'Candidatus Carsonella ruddii' at the population level. RESULTS: Maximum likelihood, haplotype network, principal components and Bayesian clustering identified three lineages for D. citri and its P-endosymbiont: a Western clade containing individuals from Pakistan, Bhutan (Phuentsholing), Vietnam (Son La), USA, Myanmar and China (Ruili, Yunnan); a Central clade, with accessions originating from Southwest China, Bhutan (Tsirang) and Bangladesh; and an Eastern clade containing individuals from Southeast Asia, and East and South China. A more diverse genetic structure was apparent in the host mitochondrial DNA than their P-endosymbionts; however, the two sets of data were strongly congruent. CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence for the co-diversification of D. citri and its P-endosymbiont during the migration from South Asia to East and Southeast Asia. We also suggest that the P-endosymbiont may facilitate investigations into the genealogy and migration history of the host. The biogeography of D. citri and its P-endosymbiont indicated that D. citri colonized and underwent a secondary dispersal from South Asia to East and Southeast Asia.