Spatial extent of mercury contamination in birds and their prey on the floodplain of a contaminated river.

Mercury (Hg) exposure has been extensively studied in aquatic and piscivorous wildlife, but, historically, less attention has been directed towards terrestrial species. However, it has become apparent that aquatic Hg crosses ecosystem boundaries along with beneficial subsidies, thereby entering the terrestrial food chain. It is still not known how far from contaminated waterways Hg exposure remains a risk. We examined the spatial extent of exposure in terrestrial songbirds breeding in the floodplain along a 40-km stretch of Hg-contaminated river in Virginia, USA. Four songbird species were chosen that readily occupied artificial nest cavities placed at known distances from the river; Carolina chickadees (Poecile carolinensis), Carolina wrens (Thryothorus ludovicianus), eastern bluebirds (Sialia sialis), and house wrens (Troglodytes aedon). We examined Hg exposure at varying distances from the edge of the river for three endpoints: 1) adult bird blood, 2) nestling bird feather and 3) spider whole body (collected in pitfall traps and directly from the mouths of nestling birds). We used mixed effects models to understand 1) how total Hg (i.e., inorganic and organic, THg) concentrations differed between contaminated and reference sites and 2) how THg concentrations declined with distance away from the river on contaminated sites. Adult bird blood THg indicated that a species-by-distance interaction was significant, after accounting for site and year. Importantly, despite the decline with distance, we found that THg levels in some songbird species and their invertebrate prey remained elevated above reference levels for up to 400m away from the river. Our results predict a spatial extent of contamination that is an order of magnitude greater than similar studies investigating the lateral impact of other aquatically derived contaminants. To our knowledge, this study is the first to indicate that exposure to legacy aquatic Hg is possible for terrestrial wildlife across the entire floodplain, rather than being confined to narrow riparian corridors.