CDK5RAP1 targeting NF-κB signaling pathway in human malignant melanoma A375 cell apoptosis.

Malignant melanoma is characterized by rapid deterioration, early metastasis and high mortality. Cdk5 regulatory subunit-associated protein 1 (CDK5RAP1), which catalyzes 2-methylthio (ms2) modification of mitochondrial transfer RNAs, has been reported to induce cancer cell apoptosis, by a phospho-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK) signaling pathway. The present study was the first to report on the association between CDK5RAP1 deficiency and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway during the apoptosis process in human malignant melanoma (A375) cells. CDK5RAP1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) and control siRNA were transfected into A375 cells. CDK5RAP1 deficiency inhibited Ca2+ influx in A375 cells. CDK5RAP1 deficiency also suppressed the proliferation of A375 cells, induced A375 cells apoptosis, and increased the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, CDK5RAP1 deficiency induced the phosphorylation of NF-κB and Bcl-2/Bcl-xl-associated death promoter (Bad). Notably, the phosphorylation of B-cell lymphoma-xl (Bcl-xl) and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) was downregulated by CDK5RAP1 deficiency. Pretreatment with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), the inhibitor of NF-κB, prevented the decrease in cell proliferation and apoptosis induced by CDK5RAP1 deficiency in A375 cells. However, pretreatment with PDTC did not affect the generation of ROS in A375 cells, indicating that ROS is an upstream target of NF-κB signaling pathway during the apoptosis process. Taken together, CDK5RAP1 deficiency induces cell apoptosis in malignant melanoma A375 cells via the NF-κB signaling pathway. The results from the present study indicated a potential novel candidate for the treatment of skin cancer.

Introduction

Malignant melanoma is a type of malignancy produced by the melanocytes of the skin and other organs (1). Although the occurrence rate of malignant melanoma is low, metastasis occurs is early and the mortality is high (2); therefore, it is necessary to identify a novel treatment strategy for malignant melanoma.

Cdk5 regulatory subunit-associated protein 1 (CDK5RAP1), with homology to the bacterial MiaB protein, is a radical S-Adenosyl methionine (SAM) enzyme (3,4). As presented in Fig. 1, CDK5RAP1 catalyzes the 2-methylthio (ms2) modification of mitochondrial transfer (t)RNAs at amino acid 37 (5). Deficiencies in the ms2 modification of 2-methylthio-N6-isopentenyladenosine (ms2i6A) at amino acid 34 or 37 impair reading frame maintenance in bacteria and cause defective mitochondrial protein synthesis, which leads to a reduction of respiratory activity and increase in ROS (6). The ms2 modifications, which initiate mitochondrial responses, are considered to be the major pathway for apoptosis (7). It has been reported that, CDK5RAP1 deficiency, induces cancer cell apoptosis via the phospho-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK) signaling pathway (8).

Figure 1.

(A) The structure of tRNA. (B) CDK5RAP1 post-synthetically converts the tRNA modification i6A into ms2i6A at A375 cells. tRNA, transfer RNA. CDK5RAP1, Cdk5 regulatory subunit-associated protein 1. i6A, N6-isopentenyladenosine; ms2i6A, 2-methylthio-N6-isopentenyladenosine.

Apoptosis refers to specific programmed cell death, which is a critical mechanism for cancer therapy. Ca2+ influx, mediated by extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK1/2) pathway, contributes an important role in early apoptotic cells by activating downstream ROS generation (9). The reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediates cell dysfunction, contributes to the development of cell damage (10), and is responsible for cancer cell apoptosis (11). Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway is commonly involved in numerous cellular responses (12), and is activated by mitochondrial-generated ROS (13) to induce cell apoptosis (14). The phosphorylation of NF-κB is associated with the expression of pro-apoptosis B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) family, including Bcl-2/Bcl-xl-associated death promoter (Bad), and anti-apoptosis Bcl-2 family, including B-cell lymphoma-xl (Bcl-xl) and Bcl-2 (15). Since targeting mitochondrial modifications is a new field for the treatment of cancer, and apoptosis is linked with NF-κB signaling pathway (16), the aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between CDK5RAP1 deficiency and NF-κB signaling pathway during the apoptosis process in human malignant melanoma (A375) cells.

In the current study, it was demonstrated that CDK5RAP1 deficiency induces cell apoptosis in malignant melanoma A375 cells via the ROS and NF-κB signaling pathway. This study indicated a unique candidate of anti-skin cancer.

Materials and methods

Cell culture

The human malignant melanoma A375 cell line (A375-P) was purchased from American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA). In accordance with experimental guidelines and ethical approval of Harbin Medical University (Harbin, China), the study was performed in Harbin Medical University. A375 cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 100 U/ml penicillin and 100 mg/ml streptomycin (all from Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) with 5% CO2 at 37°C in a humidified incubator (Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan).

Small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection

Control siRNA and the CDK5RAP1 siRNA were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. (Dallas, TX, USA). A375 cells were seeded at a density of 1×105 cells/well onto six-well plates. After cells obtained 60–80% confluency, siRNAs were transfected into A375 cells according to the manufacturer's protocol. A375 cells were incubated for another 48 h prior to use in subsequent experiments. The transfection efficiency was analyzed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), according to the protocol outlined below.

Measurement of cytoplasmic Ca2+ influx

Ca2+ influx was performed as described previously (17). Briefly, A375 cells at a density of 2×106 cells/ml were loaded with 1 µM calcium-sensitive Fura 2-AM in Ca2+-free buffer (Hank's balanced salt solution containing 20 mM HEPES and 1% bovine serum albumin, pH 7.4; Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA) at 37°C for 30 min. Adenosine triphosphate (10 µM) was added to the cell suspension directly. An F-2500 calcium imaging system (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan) was used to record within FL Solutions. The ratio of fluorescent signals was measured under wavelengths of 340 nm, 380 nm (excitation) and wavelength of 510 nm (emission). The free Fura2 and the Ca2+-bound Fura2 were measured using excitation wavelengths of 380 and 340 nm, respectively. The fluorescent activities of F1 at 340/500 nm and F2 at 380/500 nm, as well as the ratio of F1 to F2 were recorded using the spectrophotometer at 5 sec intervals. The Ca2+ concentration was finally calculated using the formula: 224× R, where 224 is the Kd number.

RT-qPCR

Total RNA was extracted from A375 cells by TRIzol® reagent (Life Technologies; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) at 48 h post-transfection of CDK5RAP1 siRNA and control siRNA. Reverse transcription was performed using a Transcriptor First Strand cDNA Synthesis kit (Roche Applied Science, Madison, WI, USA). A total of 200 ng RNA was used for the RT reaction, and 2 µl input cDNA from the RT product was used for the qPCR. LightCycler® 480 SYBR Green I Master (Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland) was used and the qPCR was performed using the ABI 7300 Fast real-time PCR system (Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) with the following primers: CDK5RAP1 forward, 5′-ATGGCTGCCAGATGAATGTGA-3′ and reverse, 5′-CTCTTGGAGGTTACTGGTCCG-3′; 18s forward, 5′-GTAACCCGTTGAACCCCATT-3′ and reverse, 5′-CCATCCAATCGGTAGTAGCG-3′. PCR was performed using SYBR Premix Ex Taq II (Takara Bio, Inc., Otsu, Japan). The thermocycling conditions were: Pre-denaturation at 95°C for 30 sec, denaturation at 95°C for 3 sec for 40 cycles, annealing at 60°C for 31 sec, elongation at 72°C for 60 sec and re-elongation at 72°C for 5 min. CDK5RAP1 mRNA expression was normalized to 18s mRNA expression. 2−ΔΔCq method was used as the quantification method for the gene of interest, as described previously (18).

MTT assay

The viability of A375 cells, which were transfected with control siRNA and CDK5RAP1 siRNA with or without pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC; 100 µmol) treatment, was determined by a colorimetric MTT assay as described previously (19). Cell viability was determined by measuring the absorbance at 550 nm on a microplate reader. Absorbance at 690 nm was also measured as the reference wavelength. The measured absorbance under 550 nm was read as the optical density was used to reflect the number of viable cells.

Nuclear staining with Hoechst 33342 for morphological evaluation

A375 cells were plated in six-well plates at a density of 1×105 cells/well and pretreated with or without PDTC (100 µmol). Cells were washed with PBS after transfection with CDK5RAP1 siRNA or control siRNA for 48 h. Cells were then fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (BIOSS, Beijing, China) for 30 min at 22°C followed by staining with Hoechst 33342 (20 mg/ml) for 15 min at room temperature in the dark. Cells were then imaged by using fluorescence microscopy (C1-T-SM; Nikon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) at a magnification, ×100.

Detection of intracellular ROS

Intracellular accumulation of ROS was estimated using the fluorescent dye H2-DCFDA (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) as described previously (20). The A375 cells were seeded at a density of 1×105 cells/well, in a six-well plate, with or without PDTC (100 µmol) pretreatment. Following transfection with CDK5RAP1 siRNA or control siRNA for 48 h, A375 cells were washed with serum-free DMEM medium (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA) and incubated in H2-DCFDA (5 µM) for 60 min at 37°C. The cells were then examined under a fluorescence microscope (C1-T-SM; Nikon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). Finally, cells were collected and subjected to fluorescence Spectrophotometer (F-2500; Hitachi, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) to detect the fluorescence of DCF inside cells (excitation, 488 nm; emission, 521 nm).

Western blot analysis

Total proteins were extracted from cells. Cells were lysed by lysis buffer (1 M Tris-HCl, pH 7.4; 1 M NaCl; 20% Triton X100; 10% SDS; and 0.5 M EDTA; Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA) and centrifuged at 3,300 × g for 3 min at 22°C. Electrophoresis was performed using a vertical slab gel with 12% polyacrylamide content. A total of 20 µg of protein was loaded per gel lane and the transfer of proteins was performed electrophoretically according to the method previously described (21,22). Subsequent to treatment with Block Ace™ (4%) for 30 min at 22°C, the polyvinylidene fluoride membranes (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) were probed with rabbit IgG primary antibodies against NF-κB (cat. no., SAB4502609; 1:500; Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA), Bcl-xl (cat. no., SAB4502623; 1:500; Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA) or Bcl-2 (cat. no., SAB4500003; 1:500; Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA) in PBS containing 0.03% Tween-20 (PBST) for 1 h at 22°C. Following three washes with PBST, the second reaction was performed using horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-rabbit goat IgG (cat. no., A0545; 20 ng/ml; Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA) secondary antibody for 30 min at 22°C. Following three washes with PBST, the membrane was incubated with ECL Plus Western Blotting Detection system™ (GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Beijing, China) followed by detection. ImageJ (version 1.38e; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA) was used for the quantification of western blots. Histone H1.4 (cat. no., H7665; 2 µg/ml; Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA) and β-actin (cat. no., A5441; 1:5,000; Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA) were used for normalization.

Statistical analysis

Data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. Analyses were performed using SPSS (v.19.0; IBM SPSS, Armonk, NY, USA). Each experiment was repeated at least three times. One-way analysis of variance and Dunnett's test was used and P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

Results

CDK5RAP1 deficiency suppresses cell proliferation of A375 cells

In order to investigate the potential effect of CDK5RAP1, prior to subsequent experiments, human malignant melanoma A375 cells were transfected with siRNA for 48 h. It was confirmed by PCR that CDK5RAP1 knockdown was evident following transfection with CDK5RAP1 siRNA compared with control siRNA in A375 cells (Fig. 2A and B). In addition, the effects of CDK5RAP1 deficiency on the proliferation of A375 cells, was investigated. At 48 h post-transfection with CDK5RAP1 or control siRNA, the viability of A375 cells was determined by a colorimetric MTT assay. It was demonstrated that CDK5RAP1 deficiency suppressed the proliferation of A375 cells significantly compared with control cells (Fig. 2C a, b and D; C vs. KD; P<0.01).

Figure 2.

(A) Representative CDK5RAP1 mRNA expression and (B) the band quantification. CDK5RAP1 mRNA expression was confirmed to be knock downed by qPCR in A375 cells transfected with CDK5RAP1 siRNA compared with control siRNA. (C) Representative image of proliferated A375 cells transfected by CDK5RAP1 siRNA with or without the inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB, PDTC pretreatment and control siRNA (100 µmol) (×400 magnification). (D) Relative viability of CDK5RAP1 siRNA-transfected A375 cells with or without PDTC pretreatment, determined by MTT assay. Pretreatment with PDTC prevented the decrease of proliferation induced by CDK5RAP1 deficiency in A375 cells. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD (n=3). **P<0.01, CDK5RAP1 knockdown vs. control; ##P<0.01, PDTC vs. CDK5RAP1 knockdown. Scale bar=20 µm. C, control; KD, CDK5RAP1 knockdown; siRNA, small interfering RNA; CDK5RAP1, Cdk5 regulatory subunit-associated protein 1; PDTC, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate.

CDK5RAP1 deficiency induces the cell apoptosis in A375 cells

To determine whether CDK5RAP1 knockdown affects the potential apoptosis effect of A375 cells, a series of apoptosis assays were performed. Firstly, Ca2+ influx was measured to estimate the early stage of apoptosis. It was demonstrated that CDK5RAP1 deficiency significantly inhibited Ca2+ influx in A375 cells (Fig. 3A; P<0.01). This indicates that A375 cells lost the normal ability of Ca2+ handling, which renders cells to the possibility of apoptosis. Furthermore, apoptosis in cells was examined by nuclear staining with Hoechst 33342 and fluorescence microscopy. CDK5RAP1 deficiency significantly induced A375 cell apoptosis compared with that of control cells (Fig. 3B a, b and C; C vs. KD; P<0.01). To further determine apoptosis in CDK5RAP1 deficient cells, apoptotic markers of the Bad/Bcl signaling pathway were detected by western blot analysis. It was demonstrated that Bad protein was upregulated and its inhibitors, Bcl-xl and Bcl-2, were downregulated in CDK5RAP1 deficient cells (Fig. 3D and E). Taken together, these results indicated a consistent conclusion that CDK5RAP1 deficiency induced apoptosis of A375 cells.

Figure 3.

(A) Representative recording image of Ca2+ influx in A375 cells transfected by CDK5RAP1 siRNA and control siRNA. CDK5RAP1 deficiency significantly inhibited the Ca2+ influx in A375 cells. (B) Representative image of apoptotic A3735 cells transfected by CDK5RAP1 siRNA with or without PDTC pretreatment (×400 magnification; Scale bar=20 µm.) and (C) quantification of apoptotic cells percentage. Pretreatment with PDTC prevented the apoptosis induced by CDK5RAP1 deficiency in A375 cells significantly. (D) Representative western blot of phosphorylation of Bad, Bcl-xl and Bcl-2 in A375 cells transfected by CDK5RAP1 siRNA and (E) quantification. CDK5RAP1 deficiency significantly upregulated the phosphorylation of Bad, and downregulated the phosphorylation of Bcl-xl and Bcl-2. β-actin was used as the normalization respectively. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD (n=3). **P<0.01, CDK5RAP1 knockdown vs. control; ##P<0.01, PDTC vs. CDK5RAP1 knockdown. C, control; KD, CDK5RAP1 knockdown; siRNA, small interfering RNA; CDK5RAP1, Cdk5 regulatory subunit-associated protein 1; Bad, Bcl-xl-associated death promoter; Bcl-xl, B-cell lymphoma-xl; Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma; PDTC, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate.

CDK5RAP1 deficiency induces ROS generation in A375 cells

To explore the mechanism of this aforementioned apoptotic effect in A375 cells, ROS was further investigated, as ROS is considered to induce, and accompanies, cancer cell apoptosis. Thus, the intracellular generation of ROS was detected using the fluorescent dye H2-DCFDA. CDK5RAP1 deficiency induced ROS generation and accumulation in A375 cells significantly (Fig. 4A a, b and B; C vs. KD; P<0.01).

Figure 4.

(A) Representative image of ROS accumulation in A375 cells transfected with CDK5RAP1 siRNA with or without PDTC pretreatment (×400 magnification; Scale bar size=20 µm) and (B) quantification of fluorescence intensity percentage. Pretreatment with PDTC did not suppress the ROS generation induced by CDK5RAP1 deficiency in A375 cells. (C) Representative western blot of phosphorylation of NF-κB (p65) in A375 cells transfected by CDK5RAP1 siRNA and (D) quantification. NF-κB p65 was significantly induced in the CDK5RAP1 deficiency cells. **P<0.01, CDK5RAP1 knockdown vs. control. C, control; KD, CDK5RAP1 knockdown; NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB; siRNA, small interfering RNA; CDK5RAP1, Cdk5 regulatory subunit-associated protein 1; PDTC, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate.

CDK5RAP1 deficiency upregulates the phosphorylation of NF-κB

To further study the mechanisms of this beneficial effect of CDK5RAP1 deficiency, western blot analysis for NF-κB was performed. It was revealed that the phosphorylation of NF-κB in A375 cells was significantly upregulated in CDK5RAP1-deficient cells compared with the control cells. Histone 1.4 and β-actin were used for normalization (Fig. 4C and D; P<0.01).

Pretreatment with PDTC prevents the decrease in proliferation and increases apoptosis induced by CDK5RAP1 deficiency in A375 cells

As it was demonstrated that CDK5RAP1 deficiency induced NF-κB expression, it was imperative to further explore if the NF-κB pathway was sufficient to explain the effects of CDK5RAP1 deficiency. To determine this, NF-κB was inhibited using PDTC (100 µmol) prior to transfection with CDK5RAP1 siRNA. Firstly, the viability of CDK5RAP1-deficient A375 cells pretreated with PDTC was measured using a colorimetric MTT assay. It was revealed that NF-κB inhibition, by PDTC, prevented the decrease in proliferation induced by CDK5RAP1 deficiency in A375 cells (Fig. 2C b, c and D; KD vs. PDTC; P<0.01). In addition, NF-κB inhibition, by PDTC, prevented the apoptosis induced by CDK5RAP1 deficiency in A375 cells (Fig. 3B b, c and C; KD a vs. PDT; P<0.01). However, notably, CDK5RAP1 deficiency induced-ROS was not significantly inhibited by pretreatment with PDTC (Fig. 4A b, c and B; KD vs. PDTC). Taken together, the results from the present study indicated that NF-κB may contribute in the process of CDK5RAP1 deficiency-induced apoptosis, and in contrast, it is possible that NF-κB was not upstream of ROS production.

Discussion

To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to report that CDK5RAP1 deficiency promoted apoptosis in the malignant melanoma cell line, A375. This favorable effect on A375 cells was induced by ROS generation and NF-κB activation, which was necessary to explain the pathway of CDK5RAP1 deficiency induced A375 cells apoptosis.

CDK5RAP1, with homology to the bacterial MiaB protein, is a radical SAM enzyme (3,4). CDK5RAP1 catalyzes 2-methylthio (ms2) modification of mitochondrial tRNAs (i6A into ms2i6A) at A37 (5). The ms2 modifications optimize mitochondrial translation (23,24). CDK5RAP1 established the biochemical association between the enzymatic modification and cell apoptosis (6). Deficiency in ms2 modification has been demonstrated to markedly impaired mitochondrial protein synthesis, which results in a number of diseases, including vitiligo and type 2 diabetes (6,25). It has been suggested that deficiency in ms2 modification induced by CDK5RAP1 deficiency induces cancer cell apoptosis via the p-JNK signaling pathway (8).

Apoptosis is an essential mechanism. Numerous chemotherapeutic agents inhibit tumor growth through suppressing apoptosis of cancer cells (26). Ca2+ influx serves an important function and is associated with the phosphatide-conjugated protein, Annexin V, which has presented a high binding affinity to phosphatidylserine of apoptotic cells in early stages (9). Apoptosis is also considered to be associated with mitochondria-initiated responses. As CDK5RAP1 deficiency-induced deficiency in ms2 modification is closely associated with cancer cell apoptosis, CDK5RAP1 deficiency may have a beneficial effect on inhibiting cancer process. According to these theories, the present study demonstrated that CDK5RAP1 deficiency inhibited the Ca2+ influx in human malignant melanoma A375 cells, and suppressed the proliferation and induced apoptosis of A375 cells.

ROS, the normal cellular oxidative process byproduct, has been reported in regulating apoptotic initiation signaling and is associated with several oncogenic pathways (27). Thus, the beneficial role to suppress ROS generation and accumulation is evident. There is compelling evidence that only ROS, which overcomes cellular antioxidant defenses, may trigger apoptosis and facilitate cancer cells more sensitive to ROS compared with normal cells (10). Basal ROS levels elevate oncogenic transformation significantly, thus apoptotic programming in cancer cells is easily triggered by further acute increases in ROS (11). Redundant ROS initiates cytotoxicity, which is also considered to be an important mechanism in the anticancer mechanism (28). Consistently, the results of the current study demonstrated that CDK5RAP1 deficiency significantly promoted ROS generation and accumulation in A375 cells, suggesting that apoptosis induced by CDK5RAP1 deficiency in A375 cells is promoted through increased ROS production.

ROS generated by mitochondria has been demonstrated to activate NF-κB (13). NF-κB activation through the ROS-dependent pathway induces cell apoptosis (14). NF-κB, a transcription factor, usually exists as an inactive form through binding to its inhibitory protein, IκB in the cytoplasm (12). The nuclear NF-κB family is well known in regulating inflammatory responses, which are also important for cancer cell apoptosis (29). It has also been reported that apoptosis is associated with NF-κB (16) and the activation of NF-κB plays pivotal roles in apoptosis (30). It is well documented that NF-κB has bidirectional modulatory effects on cell apoptosis (31,32). The phosphorylation of NF-κB is associated with the pro-apoptosis Bcl-2 family, including Bad, and anti-apoptosis Bcl-2 family, including Bcl-xl and Bcl-2 (15). As demonstrated in the present study, CDK5RAP1 deficiency significantly induced the phosphorylation of NF-κB and Bad in human malignant melanoma A375 cells, confirming that the NF-κB signaling pathway was targeted by mitochondria modification. Notably, the phosphorylation of Bcl-xl and Bcl-2 was downregulated by CDK5RAP1 deficiency.

To better understand the signaling pathway in the apoptosis process, PDTC, an inhibitor of NF-κB, was used. Pretreatment with PDTC prevented the decrease in proliferation and apoptosis induced by CDK5RAP1 deficiency in A375 cells. However, pretreatment with PDTC did not affect the generation of ROS in A375 cells, indicating that the ROS signaling pathway is upstream of the NF-κB signaling pathway during the apoptosis process.

CDK5RAP1 is associated with mitochondrial modification, thus CDK5RAP1 deficiency leads to mitochondrial dysfunction. However, as a limitation, CDK5RAP1 does not exist only in cancer cells, but also in all normal cells. This limits the use of CDK5RAP1 deficiency for therapy. In order for CDK5RAP1 deficiency to be used in gene therapy, it is important to develop a means of specifically targeting CDK5RAP1 in cancer cells.

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that CDK5RAP1 deficiency induces apoptosis in human malignant melanoma A375 cells via the ROS/NF-κB signaling pathway. Although the present data provides evidence that cancer progression was remarkably inhibited in CDK5RAP1 deficient cells, practical application still needs to be further investigated. The potential effects of CDK5RAP1 deficiency in cancer cells is expected to provide important insight for developing a novel clinical cancer therapy.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.