Pre-operative anaemia, intra-operative hepcidin concentration and acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery: a retrospective observational study.

Acute kidney after cardiac surgery is more common in anaemic patients, whereas haemolysis during cardiopulmonary bypass may lead to iron-induced renal injury. Hepcidin promotes iron sequestration by macrophages: hepcidin concentration is reduced by anaemia and increased by inflammation. We analysed the associations in 525 patients between pre-operative anaemia (haemoglobin < 130 g.l-1 in men and < 120 g.l-1 in women), intra-operative hepcidin concentration and acute kidney injury (dialysis or > 26.4 μmol.l-1 or > 50% creatinine increase during the first two days after cardiac surgery. Rates of pre-operative anaemia and postoperative kidney injury were 109/525 (21%) and 36/525 (7%), respectively. The median (IQR [range]) intra-operative hepcidin concentration was 20 (10-33 [0-125]) μg.l-1 and was lower in anaemic patients than those who were not: 15 (4-28 [0-125]) μg.l-1 vs. 21 (12-33 [0-125]) μg.l-1 , respectively, p = 0.002. Four variables were independently associated with postoperative kidney injury, for which the beta-coefficients (SE) were: minutes on cardiopulmonary bypass, 0.016 (0.004), p < 0.001; intra-operative hepcidin concentration, 0.032 (0.008), p < 0.001; pre-operative anaemia, 1.97 (0.56), p < 0.001; and Cleveland clinic risk score, 0.88 (0.35), p = 0.005. Contrary to generally increased rates of kidney injury in patients with higher hepcidin concentrations, rates of kidney injury in anaemic patients were lower in patients with higher hepcidin concentrations, beta-coefficient (SE) -0.037 (0.01), p = 0.007. In cardiac surgical patients the rate of postoperative acute kidney injury predicted by the Cleveland risk score might be adjusted for pre-operative anaemia and intra-operative cardiopulmonary bypass time and hepcidin concentration. Pre-operative correction of anaemia, reduction in intra-operative bypass time and modification of iron homeostasis and hepcidin concentration might reduce acute kidney injury.