BACKGROUND: Segmentectomy can retains more healthy lung tissue than lobectomy, but it remains controversial in oncology for early stage lung cancer. The aim of this study is to discuss the problems of video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) segmentectomy in early stage lung cancer, by analyzing the clinical and pathological data of 35 cases and reviewing the literature. METHODS: There were 35 patients who received segmentectomy by complete video-assisted thoracic surgery, from May 2013 to July 2017, in single operation group in the Third Hospital of Peking University. We analyzed the patient's clinical and pathological data, intraoperative and postoperative complications, lymph node number and metastasis its situation, and compared postoperative pathology and preoperative computed tomography (CT) imaging type. In 35 cases of segmentectomy, there were 11 males and 24 females, with an average age of 57.7 years old. The lesions located in the right upper lobe were 8 cases, in the right lower lobe were 8 cases, in the left upper lobe were 13 cases, in the left lower lobe were 6 cases. The mean maximum diameter of CT imaging was 12.7 mm, and the largest diameter of hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes was less than 10 mm. 23 of them were ground glass predominating and 12 were solid components predominating. RESULTS: All 35 cases were successfully completed VATS anatomical segmentectomy. The average operation time was 153 minutes, the amount of bleeding was 51 mL. There were 10 cases of air leakage after operation, all of which were not more than 3 days. There was contralateral atelectasis in 1 case, chylothorax in 1 case. The average length of hospitalization was 6.1 days. There was no other complications outpatient related to surgery, in 30 days after discharge. The pathological changes were as follow, 2 cases of metastatic tumor, 8 cases of benign lung disease and 25 cases of primary lung cancer. In the 25 cases of primary lung cancer, there were 14 cases of invasive lung adenocarcinoma (7 cases were groundglassopacity (GGO) predominating in CT imaging), 4 cases of micro-invasive adenocarcinoma (3 cases were GGO predominating in CT imaging), 6 cases of adenocarcinoma in situ (all were pure GGO in CT imaging), 1 case of lung squamous cell carcinoma (mainly composed of solid in CT imaging). An average of 7.2 lymph nodes were removed in 25 cases of lung cancer, and all lymph nodes had no metastasis. CONCLUSIONS: VATS anatomical segmentectomy is technically safe and reliable, and the indications for lung cancer need to be strictly controlled. Its advantages still need to be confirmed by prospective randomized controlled trials.
BACKGROUND: Segmentectomy can retains more healthy lung tissue than lobectomy, but it remains controversial in oncology for early stage lung cancer. The aim of this study is to discuss the problems of video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) segmentectomy in early stage lung cancer, by analyzing the clinical and pathological data of 35 cases and reviewing the literature. METHODS: There were 35 patients who received segmentectomy by complete video-assisted thoracic surgery, from May 2013 to July 2017, in single operation group in the Third Hospital of Peking University. We analyzed the patient's clinical and pathological data, intraoperative and postoperative complications, lymph node number and metastasis its situation, and compared postoperative pathology and preoperative computed tomography (CT) imaging type. In 35 cases of segmentectomy, there were 11 males and 24 females, with an average age of 57.7 years old. The lesions located in the right upper lobe were 8 cases, in the right lower lobe were 8 cases, in the left upper lobe were 13 cases, in the left lower lobe were 6 cases. The mean maximum diameter of CT imaging was 12.7 mm, and the largest diameter of hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes was less than 10 mm. 23 of them were ground glass predominating and 12 were solid components predominating. RESULTS: All 35 cases were successfully completed VATS anatomical segmentectomy. The average operation time was 153 minutes, the amount of bleeding was 51 mL. There were 10 cases of air leakage after operation, all of which were not more than 3 days. There was contralateral atelectasis in 1 case, chylothorax in 1 case. The average length of hospitalization was 6.1 days. There was no other complications outpatient related to surgery, in 30 days after discharge. The pathological changes were as follow, 2 cases of metastatic tumor, 8 cases of benign lung disease and 25 cases of primary lung cancer. In the 25 cases of primary lung cancer, there were 14 cases of invasive lung adenocarcinoma (7 cases were groundglassopacity (GGO) predominating in CT imaging), 4 cases of micro-invasive adenocarcinoma (3 cases were GGO predominating in CT imaging), 6 cases of adenocarcinoma in situ (all were pure GGO in CT imaging), 1 case of lung squamous cell carcinoma (mainly composed of solid in CT imaging). An average of 7.2 lymph nodes were removed in 25 cases of lung cancer, and all lymph nodes had no metastasis. CONCLUSIONS: VATS anatomical segmentectomy is technically safe and reliable, and the indications for lung cancer need to be strictly controlled. Its advantages still need to be confirmed by prospective randomized controlled trials.
25例非小细胞肺癌病理与影像对照资料Cilinical and pathological data of 25 cases non-small cell lung cancer
讨论
解剖性肺段切除术治疗肺癌的适应症
解剖性肺段切除术早在1939年就被应用于肺外科[,其在最大限度切除病灶的同时,也最大限度保留了肺功能[,尤其适合于心肺功能较差、高龄的肺部良性疾病患者,即便是肺功能良好的良性肺病患者,其优势也显而易见。肺转移瘤深在肺实质内无法实施楔形切除时,肺段切除术也是最佳术式之一。但对于原发肺癌患者则面临是否能都达到肿瘤根治的诟病,一是系统性淋巴结清扫[,一是切缘距离[,两者均影响着肺癌的预后。随着计算机断层扫描(computed tomography, CT)技术的广泛应用,肺部小结节尤其是非实性肺结节的检出率明显提高,意即早期肺癌检出率随之明显提高,与传统胸片比较,CT能够降低死亡风险近20%,归咎其因在于更多的早期肺癌获得了早期外科手术根治的机会[。而早期肺癌能够获得良好预后的原因又有赖于病理类型。国际肺癌学会(International Associate for the Study of Lung Cancer, IASLC)2011年将肺腺癌分为不典型腺瘤样增生、原位腺癌、微浸润腺癌和贴壁生长为主的肺浸润性腺癌,其中原位腺癌及微小浸润腺癌的5年生存率高达100%[。结合CT影像学特征,原位癌及微小浸润腺癌又以GGO为主要表现。本组25例肺癌中6例原位腺癌均为纯GGO,4例MIA中3例为纯GGO,但14例浸润性腺癌中纯GGO仅占50%(7例)。而这种以GGO为主要成分的肺癌肺门及纵隔淋巴结累及率在5%以下[,且淋巴结转移基本遵循肺内到肺外顺序转移的规律[,这是肺段切除术在早期肺癌得到根治的一个理论根据。25例原发肺癌术中均对肺门淋巴结先行采样冰冻活检,证实无转移后行肺段切除,术后清扫之淋巴结均转移,为Ia期。14例浸润性腺癌没有实施肺叶切除术的可能存在以下原因:肿物在脏层胸膜下但未累及脏层胸膜,可获得足够切缘;术中单肺通气氧和指数不佳;术中冰冻病理为贴壁样生长肺腺癌;术中肺段切除后冰冻病理未能确切汇报是否为浸润性腺癌。这是本组病例在选择肺段切除术指征上存在的不足,且已按照美国国立综合癌症网络(National Comprehensive Cancer Network, NCCN)指南规范了后续诊疗。每个肺段均为指向肺门的椎体结构,对于外1/3肺外周带,直径≤2 cm时实施亚肺叶切除可获得足够的切缘。1997年,Kodama等[报道一项平均直径≤2.5 cm的T1N0非小细胞肺癌不同术式对照研究,肺段切除组5年生存率93%,和肺叶切除组相似,但局部复发率高于肺叶切除组(2.2% vs 1.3%)。2006年,日本一项T1N0早期肺癌不同术式的多中心非随机对照试验[显示,扩大肺段切除组与肺叶切除组在生存率方面无差异(89.6% vs 89.1%),局部复发率反而低于肺叶切除组(4.9% vs 6.9%)。由此可见,在获得足够切缘的前提下,肺段切除是一种可以替代肺叶切除治疗早期非小细胞肺癌的术式。但全球范围内的两项多中心随机对照实验(JCOG0802, CALGB140503)均尚未给出明确结论[。因此,虽然没有明确的结论,但目前依据临床实验结果,临床肺段切除术遵循以下指征:①心肺功能较差,第一秒用力呼气量(forced expiratory volume in first second,FEVl)占预计值百分比 < 50%,高龄(≥75岁),或伴有其他合并症而不能耐受肺叶切除者;发现不同肺叶内肿瘤需同期手术者;肺叶切除术后肿瘤复发者;②肿瘤位于肺外1/3,局限于单一肺段内,肿瘤最大径≤2 cm,胸部CT观察肿瘤倍增时间≥400 d;切缘距离 > 2 cm或切缘距离/肿瘤最大径比值> 1;③胸部CT磨玻璃样结节中GGO实性成分 > 50%;术中冰冻病理提示为不典型腺瘤样增生、肺原位腺癌、微小浸润性腺癌和贴壁生长为主的浸润性腺癌,切除肺段的边缘病理证实为阴性;胸部增强CT或18氟-脱氧葡萄糖(18F-FDG)正电子发射型计算机断层扫描显像(PET-CT)未提示纵隔和肺门淋巴结转移且术中肺门淋巴结采样冰冻病理为阴性[。