Baodong Liu1, Xin Ye2, Weijun Fan3, Xiaoguang Li4, Weijian Feng5, Qiang Lu6, Yu Mao7, Zhengyu Lin8, Lu Li9, Yiping Zhuang10, Xudong Ni11, Jialin Shen12, Yili Fu13, Jianjun Han14, Chenrui Li15, Chen Liu16, Wuwei Yang17, Zhiyong Su18, Zhiyuan Wu19, Lei Liu1. 1. Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China. 2. Department of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China. 3. Imaging and Interventional Center, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China. 4. Department of Tumor Minimally Invasive Therapy, Beijing Hospital, Beijing 100005, China. 5. Department of Oncology, Fuxing Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China. 6. Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China. 7. Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hohhot First Hospital, Inner Mongolia, Hohhot 010020, China. 8. Department of Interventional Therapy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China. 9. Department of Thoracic Surgery, 306th Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100101, China. 10. Department of Interventional Therapy, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Nanjing 210009, China. 11. Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200001, China. 12. Department of Tumor Interventional Therapy, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200001, China. 13. Department of Thoracic Surgery, Chaoyang Hospital, Capital medical University, Beijing 100020, China. 14. Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Therapy, Shandong Provincial Tumor Hospital, Jinan 250117, China. 15. Department of Interventional Therapy, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100020, China. 16. Department of Interventional Therapy, Beijing Cancer Hospital, Beijing 100142, China. 17. Department of Tumor Minimally Invasive Therapy, 307th Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100071, China. 18. Affiliated Hospital of Chifeng University, Chifeng 024005, China. 19. Department of Interventional Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
肺癌是最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,在世界各地,肺癌均居恶性肿瘤死亡构成比的第一位,其发病率和死亡率仍在不断升高。据世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO)下属的国际癌症研究机构(International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC)出版的GLOBOCAN 2012估计:全世界肺癌新发病例182.5万(男性124.2万,女性58.3万);肺癌死亡病例159.0万(男性109.9万,居首位;女性49.1万,居第2位)[。与30年前相比,我国肺癌死亡率上升了465%,每年大约有60万人死于肺癌[。根据全国肿瘤登记中心估计,2012年肺癌新发73.3万人(男性50.9万,居首位;女性22.4万,居第2位);肺癌死亡61.0万人(男性43.2万,女性17.8万,男女均居首位);中国约占世界新发肺癌的35.8%,世界肺癌死亡的37.6%,5年生存率16.1%[。肺癌多发生于中老年人,临床上有1/4-1/3的肺癌患者存在合并症,手术存在一定风险[(表 1)。根据手术风险划分为低风险组(good-risk)、高风险组(high-risk)和不能手术组(medically inoperable)。针对低风险组患者,肺叶切除和淋巴结清扫仍然是早期肺癌的标准术式;高风险组患者可以行亚肺叶切除术(包括肺段切除和楔形切除);对不能手术组可以采用肿瘤热消融(tumor thermal ablation)和立体定向放射治疗(stereotactic body radiation therapy, SBRT)等。肿瘤热消融是指利用热产生的生物学效应直接导致靶肿瘤发生凝固性坏死(coagulation necrosis)的原位灭活技术。它具有微创、恢复快,安全、并发症少,适形、效果可靠,可重复、费用低等优点,被用于因肿瘤本身的原因,或者心肺功能不适合于外科手术治疗的肺癌病人。目前,国内外常用的肺部肿瘤热消融手段包括射频消融(radiofrequency ablation, RFA)、微波消融(microwave ablation, MWA)、冷冻消融(cryoablation)和激光消融(laser ablation)等。《中国原发性肺癌诊疗规范(2011年版)(2015年版)》(卫办医政发[2011]22号)推荐射频消融可以用于不能耐受手术早期肺癌患者的治疗[。在我国属于限制性医疗技术[《限制临床应用的医疗技术(2015版)》]。
1
肺癌肺叶切除术排除标准
Exclusion criteria for lobectomy for primary lung cancer
碘酒、酒精消毒,铺无菌巾;穿刺点处用1%-2%利多卡因局部浸润麻醉,直至胸膜。对于儿童、术中不能配合、预计手术时间长、肿瘤贴近壁层胸膜可能引起剧痛的患者,推荐采用清醒镇静或全身麻醉。麻醉前评估可参照美国麻醉医师协会(American Society of Anesthesiologists, ASA)的分级标准(表 5),≤Ⅲ级的患者方可进行射频消融治疗。
5
ASA麻醉风险分级标准
ASA classification of anesthesia risk
分级
标准
ASA:美国麻醉医师协会(American Society of Anesthesiologists).
射频消融是一种相对安全的局部治疗手段,其并发症分级参照美国介入放射学会(Society of Interventional Radiology, SIR)影像引导肿瘤消融国际工作组(International Working Group on Image-Guided Tumor Ablation)的标准[(表 6)。按照发生时间分为即刻并发症(射频消融后≤24 h)、围手术期并发症(射频消融后24 h-30 d)及迟发并发症(射频消融后 > 30 d)。
6
SIR并发症的定义与分级标准
SIR definitions and grading system of complication
并发症分类
定义
SIR:美国介入放射学学会(Society of Interventional Radiology).
副反应
疼痛
消融后综合症
无症状胸腔积液
无后果的邻近结构损伤
轻微
没有不良结果,不需要治疗
没有不良结果,仅是名义上的治疗,包括仅需要过夜观察
严重
需要住院进行小的治疗 < 48 h
需要留院进行大的治疗 > 48 h,提升护理级别,延长住院时间
导致永久不良后遗症
死亡
SIR并发症的定义与分级标准SIR definitions and grading system of complication射频消融治疗肺部肿瘤的并发症分两种:穿刺相关并发症(如肺内出血、血胸、气胸、心包填塞、空气栓塞等)和消融相关并发症(如胸痛、胸膜反应、咳嗽、皮肤灼伤等)[。肺部肿瘤射频消融的死亡率为0-5.6%[。在样本量大于100例的文献中,射频消融的死亡率为0-2.2%,严重并发症和轻微并发症发生率分别为3%-24.5%和21.3%-64.9%,其死亡原因有出血、肺炎、肺间质纤维化恶化、肺栓塞、急性心衰、呼吸衰竭等[。推荐美国国家癌症研究所的通用不良事件术语标准4.03版(Common Terminology Criteria Adverse Events Version 4.03, CTCAE v4.03)[。
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