Michael C Peters1, Sheena Kerr1, Eleanor M Dunican1, Prescott G Woodruff1, Merritt L Fajt2, Bruce D Levy3, Elliot Israel3, Brenda R Phillips4, David T Mauger4, Suzy A Comhair5, Serpil C Erzurum5, Mats W Johansson6, Nizar N Jarjour7, Andrea M Coverstone8, Mario Castro9, Annette T Hastie10, Eugene R Bleecker10, Sally E Wenzel2, John V Fahy11. 1. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif. 2. Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pa. 3. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass. 4. Division of Statistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pa. 5. Department of Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio. 6. Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine, Madison, Wis. 7. Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine, Madison, Wis. 8. Division of Allergy, Immunology and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo. 9. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Washington University, St Louis, Mo. 10. Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC. 11. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif. Electronic address: John.Fahy@ucsf.edu.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Airway type 2 inflammation is usually corticosteroid sensitive, but the role of type 2 inflammation as a mechanism of asthma in patients receiving high-dose inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) is uncertain. OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine whether airway type 2 inflammation persists in patients treated with ICSs and to evaluate the clinical features of patients with steroid-resistant airway type 2 inflammation. METHODS: We used quantitative PCR to generate a composite metric of type 2 cytokine gene expression (type 2 gene mean [T2GM]) in induced sputum cells from healthy control subjects, patients with severe asthma receiving ICSs (n = 174), and patients with nonsevere asthma receiving ICSs (n = 85). We explored relationships between asthma outcomes and T2GM values and the utility of noninvasive biomarkers of airway T2GM. RESULTS: Sputum cell T2GM values in asthmatic patients were significantly increased and remained high after treatment with intramuscular triamcinolone. We used the median T2GM value as a cutoff to classify steroid-treated type 2-low and steroid-resistant type 2-high (srT2-high) subgroups. Compared with patients with steroid-treated type 2-low asthma, those with srT2-high asthma were older and had more severe asthma. Blood eosinophil cell counts predicted srT2-high asthma when body mass index was less than 40 kg/m2 but not when it was 40 kg/m2 or greater, whereas blood IgE levels strongly predicted srT2-high asthma when age was less than 34 years but not when it was 34 years or greater. CONCLUSION: Despite ICS therapy, many asthmatic patients have persistent airway type 2 inflammation (srT2-high asthma), and these patients are older and have more severe disease. Body weight and age modify the performance of blood-based biomarkers of airway type 2 inflammation.
BACKGROUND: Airway type 2 inflammation is usually corticosteroid sensitive, but the role of type 2 inflammation as a mechanism of asthma in patients receiving high-dose inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) is uncertain. OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine whether airway type 2 inflammation persists in patients treated with ICSs and to evaluate the clinical features of patients with steroid-resistant airway type 2 inflammation. METHODS: We used quantitative PCR to generate a composite metric of type 2 cytokine gene expression (type 2 gene mean [T2GM]) in induced sputum cells from healthy control subjects, patients with severe asthma receiving ICSs (n = 174), and patients with nonsevere asthma receiving ICSs (n = 85). We explored relationships between asthma outcomes and T2GM values and the utility of noninvasive biomarkers of airway T2GM. RESULTS: Sputum cell T2GM values in asthmatic patients were significantly increased and remained high after treatment with intramuscular triamcinolone. We used the median T2GM value as a cutoff to classify steroid-treated type 2-low and steroid-resistant type 2-high (srT2-high) subgroups. Compared with patients with steroid-treated type 2-low asthma, those with srT2-high asthma were older and had more severe asthma. Blood eosinophil cell counts predicted srT2-high asthma when body mass index was less than 40 kg/m2 but not when it was 40 kg/m2 or greater, whereas blood IgE levels strongly predicted srT2-high asthma when age was less than 34 years but not when it was 34 years or greater. CONCLUSION: Despite ICS therapy, many asthmatic patients have persistent airway type 2 inflammation (srT2-high asthma), and these patients are older and have more severe disease. Body weight and age modify the performance of blood-based biomarkers of airway type 2 inflammation.
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