Jyrki K Virtanen1, Jaakko Mursu2, Sari Voutilainen2, Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen2. 1. University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland. jyrki.virtanen@uef.fi. 2. University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
Abstract
BACKGROUND/ OBJECTIVES: There are concerns that high intake of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) may promote inflammation, because the end-product of n-6 PUFA metabolism, arachidonic acid, is a precursor for pro-inflammatory eicosanoids. Our aim was to investigate cross-sectional associations of the serum n-6 PUFAs, objective biomarkers for exposure, with serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP), a key inflammation marker. SUBJECTS/ METHODS: The study included 1287 generally healthy men aged 42-60 years from the population-based Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study, examined in 1984-1989. ANCOVA and logistic regression were used for analyses. RESULTS: In the multivariable-adjusted analyses, both serum total n-6 PUFA and linoleic acid, the predominant n-6 PUFA, were associated with lower CRP. The mean CRP concentrations in quartiles of linoleic acid were 1.86, 1.51, 1.53, and 1.37 mg/L (P-trend = 0.001). The odds ratio for elevated CRP (>3 mg/L) in the highest vs. the lowest quartile was 0.47 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.25-0.87, P-trend = 0.01). Arachidonic acid or the mainly endogenously produced n-6 PUFAs, gamma-linolenic acid and dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, were not associated with higher CRP, either. Age, body mass index, or serum long-chain n-3 PUFA concentration did not modify the associations (P-interactions > 0.14). CONCLUSIONS: Serum n-6 PUFAs were not associated with increased inflammation in men. In contrast, the main n-6 PUFA linoleic acid had a strong inverse association with the key inflammation marker, CRP.
BACKGROUND/ OBJECTIVES: There are concerns that high intake of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) may promote inflammation, because the end-product of n-6 PUFA metabolism, arachidonic acid, is a precursor for pro-inflammatory eicosanoids. Our aim was to investigate cross-sectional associations of the serum n-6 PUFAs, objective biomarkers for exposure, with serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP), a key inflammation marker. SUBJECTS/ METHODS: The study included 1287 generally healthy men aged 42-60 years from the population-based Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study, examined in 1984-1989. ANCOVA and logistic regression were used for analyses. RESULTS: In the multivariable-adjusted analyses, both serum total n-6 PUFA and linoleic acid, the predominant n-6 PUFA, were associated with lower CRP. The mean CRP concentrations in quartiles of linoleic acid were 1.86, 1.51, 1.53, and 1.37 mg/L (P-trend = 0.001). The odds ratio for elevated CRP (>3 mg/L) in the highest vs. the lowest quartile was 0.47 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.25-0.87, P-trend = 0.01). Arachidonic acid or the mainly endogenously produced n-6 PUFAs, gamma-linolenic acid and dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, were not associated with higher CRP, either. Age, body mass index, or serum long-chain n-3 PUFA concentration did not modify the associations (P-interactions > 0.14). CONCLUSIONS: Serum n-6 PUFAs were not associated with increased inflammation in men. In contrast, the main n-6 PUFAlinoleic acid had a strong inverse association with the key inflammation marker, CRP.
Authors: Lara T Meital; Mark T Windsor; Rebecca M L Ramirez Jewell; Peter Young; Karl Schulze; Rebecca Magee; Jill O'Donnell; Pankaj Jha; Maria Perissiou; Jonathan Golledge; Tom G Bailey; Peter Brooks; Christopher D Askew; Fraser D Russell Journal: J Lipid Res Date: 2019-03-26 Impact factor: 5.922
Authors: Maija Vaittinen; Maria A Lankinen; Pirjo Käkelä; Jyrki Ågren; Craig E Wheelock; Markku Laakso; Ursula Schwab; Jussi Pihlajamäki Journal: Eur J Nutr Date: 2022-06-14 Impact factor: 4.865