Kara Wools-Kaloustian1, Irene Marete2, Samuel Ayaya2, Annette H Sohn3, Lam Van Nguyen4, Shanshan Li5, Valériane Leroy, Beverly S Musick6, Jamie E Newman7, Andrew Edmonds8, Mary-Ann Davies, François T Eboua9, Marie-Thérèse Obama10, Marcel Yotebieng11, Shobna Sawry12, Lynne M Mofenson13, Constantin T Yiannoutsos5. 1. Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN. 2. Deptartment of Child Health and Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya. 3. TREAT Asia/amfAR-The Foundation for AIDS Research, Bangkok, Thailand. 4. Department of Infectious Diseases, National Hospital of Pediatrics, Hanoi, Vietnam. 5. Department of Epidemiology, Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN. 6. Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN. 7. Inserm U1027, Toulouse 3 University, Toulouse, FranceRTI International, Public Health Informatics Program, Research Triangle Park, NC. 8. Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC. 9. Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. 10. Département de pédiatrie, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire, Yaoundé, Cameroon. 11. Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH. 12. Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, School of Clinical Medicine, Johannesburg, South Africa. 13. Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Washington DC.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Globally, 49% of the estimated 1.8 million children living with HIV are accessing antiretroviral therapy (ART). There are limited data concerning long-term durability of first-line ART regimens and time to transition to second-line. METHODS: Children initiating their first ART regimen between 2 and 14 years of age and enrolled in one of 208 sites in 30 Asia-Pacific and African countries participating in the Pediatric International Epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS consortium were included in this analysis. Outcomes of interest were: first-line ART failure (clinical, immunologic, or virologic), change to second-line, and attrition (death or loss to program ). Cumulative incidence was computed for first-line failure and second-line initiation, with attrition as a competing event. RESULTS: In 27,031 children, median age at ART initiation was 6.7 years. Median baseline CD4% for children ≤5 years of age was 13.2% and CD4 count for those >5 years was 258 cells per microliter. Almost all (94.4%) initiated a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; 5.3% a protease inhibitor, and 0.3% a triple nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based regimen. At 1 year, 7.7% had failed and 14.4% had experienced attrition; by 5 years, the cumulative incidence was 25.9% and 29.4%, respectively. At 1 year after ART failure, 13.7% had transitioned to second-line and 11.2% had experienced attrition; by 5 years, the cumulative incidence was 31.6% and 25.9%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: High rates of first-line failure and attrition were identified in children within 5 years after ART initiation. Of children meeting failure criteria, only one-third were transitioned to second-line ART within 5 years.
BACKGROUND: Globally, 49% of the estimated 1.8 million children living with HIV are accessing antiretroviral therapy (ART). There are limited data concerning long-term durability of first-line ART regimens and time to transition to second-line. METHODS:Children initiating their first ART regimen between 2 and 14 years of age and enrolled in one of 208 sites in 30 Asia-Pacific and African countries participating in the Pediatric International Epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS consortium were included in this analysis. Outcomes of interest were: first-line ART failure (clinical, immunologic, or virologic), change to second-line, and attrition (death or loss to program ). Cumulative incidence was computed for first-line failure and second-line initiation, with attrition as a competing event. RESULTS: In 27,031 children, median age at ART initiation was 6.7 years. Median baseline CD4% for children ≤5 years of age was 13.2% and CD4 count for those >5 years was 258 cells per microliter. Almost all (94.4%) initiated a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; 5.3% a protease inhibitor, and 0.3% a triple nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based regimen. At 1 year, 7.7% had failed and 14.4% had experienced attrition; by 5 years, the cumulative incidence was 25.9% and 29.4%, respectively. At 1 year after ART failure, 13.7% had transitioned to second-line and 11.2% had experienced attrition; by 5 years, the cumulative incidence was 31.6% and 25.9%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: High rates of first-line failure and attrition were identified in children within 5 years after ART initiation. Of children meeting failure criteria, only one-third were transitioned to second-line ART within 5 years.
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