Insights into the pathophysiology and pathogenesis of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome.

The role of D1 and D2 dopaminergic receptors in the occurrence of dyskinesia, particularly that of tics, is discussed. Observation of neuroleptic-induced oral movements in rats strongly suggests that stimulation of D1 receptors triggers or increases dyskinesia. Such distinction between the action of D1 and D2 dopamine agonists is not yet possible in humans. Experiments on the resting finger tremor in man or women enable to suspect and interaction between D1 and D2 receptors. Prenatal neuroleptic exposure during vulnerable periods of pregnancy decreases the density of dopaminergic D2 receptors in rat.