Energy landscaping in supramolecular materials.

This review details recent developments in the design of supramolecular materials with customizable properties that can be coordinated in space and time. We highlight examples where both kinetic and thermodynamic considerations are incorporated in design, to address three challenges: control of order/disorder in supramolecular assembly; formation of structures with distinct functional domains; formation of out-of-equilibrium structures with controlled lifetimes. The examples that are discussed are based on self-assembling peptide and saccharide-based amphiphiles. These biomolecular amphiphiles are of low complexity and ideally suited to fundamental, systematic studies while they are also considered for applications in environmental remediation, food science, cosmetics and nanomedicine.