Djillali Annane1, Alain Renault1, Christian Brun-Buisson1, Bruno Megarbane1, Jean-Pierre Quenot1, Shidasp Siami1, Alain Cariou1, Xavier Forceville1, Carole Schwebel1, Claude Martin1, Jean-François Timsit1, Benoît Misset1, Mohamed Ali Benali1, Gwenhael Colin1, Bertrand Souweine1, Karim Asehnoune1, Emmanuelle Mercier1, Loïc Chimot1, Claire Charpentier1, Bruno François1, Thierry Boulain1, Franck Petitpas1, Jean-Michel Constantin1, Gilles Dhonneur1, François Baudin1, Alain Combes1, Julien Bohé1, Jean-François Loriferne1, Roland Amathieu1, Fabrice Cook1, Michel Slama1, Olivier Leroy1, Gilles Capellier1, Auguste Dargent1, Tarik Hissem1, Virginie Maxime1, Eric Bellissant1. 1. From Service de Médecine Intensive et Réanimation, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches (D.A., V.M.), Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation Unité 1173, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, INSERM, Montigny-le-Bretonneux (D.A.), Service de Pharmacologie Clinique-Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC) INSERM 1414, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Rennes-Université de Rennes 1, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes (A.R., E.B.), Service de Réanimation Médicale (C.B.-B.) and Service d'Anesthésie et des Réanimations Chirurgicales (G.D., F.C.), Hôpital Henri-Mondor (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris [AP-HP]), Créteil, Réanimation Médicale et Toxicologique, Hôpital Lariboisière (AP-HP), Université Paris-Diderot, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1144 (B. Megarbane), Réanimation Médicale-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre-Site Cochin (AP-HP) and Université Paris Descartes (A. Cariou), Médecine Intensive et Réanimation, Pôle 2i, Infection et Immunité, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, AP-HP, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME) Unité 1137, Université Paris Diderot, INSERM (J.-F.T.), Service d'Anesthésie et Réanimations Chirurgicales, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre-Site Cochin (AP-HP) (F.B.), and Service de Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (AP-HP), and Université Paris Sorbonne INSERM, UMRS 1166-Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (A. Combes), Paris, Service de Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Universitaire François Mitterrand, Lipness Team, INSERM Research Center Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer-Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1231 and Laboratoire d'Excellence LipSTIC, and CIC 1432, Epidémiologie Clinique, Université de Burgundy, Dijon (J.-P.Q., A.D.), Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier d'Etampes, Etampes (S.S., T.H.), Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale, CIC INSERM 1414, Grand Hôpital de l'Est Francilien Site de Meaux, Hôpital Saint Faron, Meaux (X.F.), Service de Réanimation Médicale, CHU de Grenoble, Grenoble (C.S.), Service d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital Nord, Aix Marseille Université, CIC 1409, and CIC 9502, Marseille (C.M.), Service de Réanimation Polyvalente, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint Joseph, and Service de Réanimation Médicale, CHU de Rouen-Hôpital Charles Nicolle, Rouen (B. Misset), Service de Réanimation Polyvalente, Centre Hospitalier de Valenciennes, Valenciennes (M.A.B.), Service de Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale, Centre Hospitalier Départemental de Vendée, Site de La Roche-sur-Yon, Les Oudairies, La Roche-sur-Yon (G. Colin), Réanimation Médicale Polyvalente, CHU Gabriel Montpied (B.S.), and Pôle de Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Génétique, Reproduction, et Développement, UMR-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 6293, Université Clermont-Auvergne, INSERM Unité 1103, CHU Clermont-Ferrand (J.-M.C.), Clermont-Ferrand, Service d'Anesthésie, Réanimation Chirurgicale, Hôtel Dieu-Hôpital Mère-Enfant, CHU Nantes, Laboratoire EA3826 Thérapeutiques et Expérimentales des Infections, Nantes (K.A.), Réanimation Polyvalente, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire Bretonneau, Tours (E.M.), Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier de Périgueux, Périgueux (L.C.), Service de Réanimation Chirurgicale, Hôpital Central, CHU de Nancy, Nancy (C.C.), Service de Réanimation Polyvalente, INSERM CIC 1435-CHU Dupuytren, Limoges (B.F.), Service Réanimation Médicale Polyvalente et Unité de Surveillance Continue, Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, Orléans (T.B.), Réanimation Chirurgicale, Département d'Anesthésie-Réanimations-Urgences, Service d'Assistance Médicale d'Urgence (SAMU) 86, Hôpital de la Miletrie, CHU, Poitiers (F.P.), Service de Réanimation Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud (Hospices Civils de Lyon), Pierre-Bénite (J.B.), Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation, Hôpital Saint Camille, Bry-sur-Marne (J.-F.L.), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital Jean Verdier (AP-HP), Bondy (R.A.), Service de Réanimation Médicale, CHU Amiens-Picardie-Site Sud, Amiens (M.S.), Service de Réanimation Médicale et Maladies Infectieuses, Centre Hospitalier Tourcoing Gustave Dron, Tourcoing (O.L.), and Service de Réanimation Médicale-SAMU 25, Hôpital Jean Minjoz-CHU de Besançon, Besançon (G. Capellier) - all in France.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Septic shock is characterized by dysregulation of the host response to infection, with circulatory, cellular, and metabolic abnormalities. We hypothesized that therapy with hydrocortisone plus fludrocortisone or with drotrecogin alfa (activated), which can modulate the host response, would improve the clinical outcomes of patients with septic shock. METHODS: In this multicenter, double-blind, randomized trial with a 2-by-2 factorial design, we evaluated the effect of hydrocortisone-plus-fludrocortisone therapy, drotrecogin alfa (activated), the combination of the three drugs, or their respective placebos. The primary outcome was 90-day all-cause mortality. Secondary outcomes included mortality at intensive care unit (ICU) discharge and hospital discharge and at day 28 and day 180 and the number of days alive and free of vasopressors, mechanical ventilation, or organ failure. After drotrecogin alfa (activated) was withdrawn from the market, the trial continued with a two-group parallel design. The analysis compared patients who received hydrocortisone plus fludrocortisone with those who did not (placebo group). RESULTS: Among the 1241 patients included in the trial, the 90-day mortality was 43.0% (264 of 614 patients) in the hydrocortisone-plus-fludrocortisone group and 49.1% (308 of 627 patients) in the placebo group (P=0.03). The relative risk of death in the hydrocortisone-plus-fludrocortisone group was 0.88 (95% confidence interval, 0.78 to 0.99). Mortality was significantly lower in the hydrocortisone-plus-fludrocortisone group than in the placebo group at ICU discharge (35.4% vs. 41.0%, P=0.04), hospital discharge (39.0% vs. 45.3%, P=0.02), and day 180 (46.6% vs. 52.5%, P=0.04) but not at day 28 (33.7% and 38.9%, respectively; P=0.06). The number of vasopressor-free days to day 28 was significantly higher in the hydrocortisone-plus-fludrocortisone group than in the placebo group (17 vs. 15 days, P<0.001), as was the number of organ-failure-free days (14 vs. 12 days, P=0.003). The number of ventilator-free days was similar in the two groups (11 days in the hydrocortisone-plus-fludrocortisone group and 10 in the placebo group, P=0.07). The rate of serious adverse events did not differ significantly between the two groups, but hyperglycemia was more common in hydrocortisone-plus-fludrocortisone group. CONCLUSIONS: In this trial involving patients with septic shock, 90-day all-cause mortality was lower among those who received hydrocortisone plus fludrocortisone than among those who received placebo. (Funded by Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique 2007 of the French Ministry of Social Affairs and Health; APROCCHSS ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00625209 .).
RCT Entities:
BACKGROUND:Septic shock is characterized by dysregulation of the host response to infection, with circulatory, cellular, and metabolic abnormalities. We hypothesized that therapy with hydrocortisone plus fludrocortisone or with drotrecogin alfa (activated), which can modulate the host response, would improve the clinical outcomes of patients with septic shock. METHODS: In this multicenter, double-blind, randomized trial with a 2-by-2 factorial design, we evaluated the effect of hydrocortisone-plus-fludrocortisone therapy, drotrecogin alfa (activated), the combination of the three drugs, or their respective placebos. The primary outcome was 90-day all-cause mortality. Secondary outcomes included mortality at intensive care unit (ICU) discharge and hospital discharge and at day 28 and day 180 and the number of days alive and free of vasopressors, mechanical ventilation, or organ failure. After drotrecogin alfa (activated) was withdrawn from the market, the trial continued with a two-group parallel design. The analysis compared patients who received hydrocortisone plus fludrocortisone with those who did not (placebo group). RESULTS: Among the 1241 patients included in the trial, the 90-day mortality was 43.0% (264 of 614 patients) in the hydrocortisone-plus-fludrocortisone group and 49.1% (308 of 627 patients) in the placebo group (P=0.03). The relative risk of death in the hydrocortisone-plus-fludrocortisone group was 0.88 (95% confidence interval, 0.78 to 0.99). Mortality was significantly lower in the hydrocortisone-plus-fludrocortisone group than in the placebo group at ICU discharge (35.4% vs. 41.0%, P=0.04), hospital discharge (39.0% vs. 45.3%, P=0.02), and day 180 (46.6% vs. 52.5%, P=0.04) but not at day 28 (33.7% and 38.9%, respectively; P=0.06). The number of vasopressor-free days to day 28 was significantly higher in the hydrocortisone-plus-fludrocortisone group than in the placebo group (17 vs. 15 days, P<0.001), as was the number of organ-failure-free days (14 vs. 12 days, P=0.003). The number of ventilator-free days was similar in the two groups (11 days in the hydrocortisone-plus-fludrocortisone group and 10 in the placebo group, P=0.07). The rate of serious adverse events did not differ significantly between the two groups, but hyperglycemia was more common in hydrocortisone-plus-fludrocortisone group. CONCLUSIONS: In this trial involving patients with septic shock, 90-day all-cause mortality was lower among those who received hydrocortisone plus fludrocortisone than among those who received placebo. (Funded by Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique 2007 of the French Ministry of Social Affairs and Health; APROCCHSS ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00625209 .).
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