Ludwig Kraus1,2,3, Nicki-Nils Seitz1, Daniela Piontek1, Sabrina Molinaro4, Valeria Siciliano4, Ulf Guttormsson5, Sharon Arpa6, Karin Monshouwer7, Håkan Leifman5, Julian Vicente8, Paul Griffiths8, Luke Clancy9, Fernanda Feijão10, Silvia Florescu11, Patrick Lambrecht12, Alojz Nociar13,14, Kirsimarja Raitasalo15, Stanislas Spilka16, Konstantin Vyshinskiy17, Björn Hibell18. 1. IFT Institut für Therapieforschung, München, Germany. 2. Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden. 3. Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary. 4. National Research Council, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy. 5. The Swedish Council for Information on Alcohol and Other Drugs (CAN), Stockholm, Sweden. 6. Foundation for Social Welfare Services, Santa Venera, Malta. 7. Trimbos Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands. 8. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), Lisbon, Portugal. 9. TobaccoFree Research Institute Ireland, Dublin, Ireland. 10. SICAD Serviço de Intervenção nos Comportamentos Aditivos e nas Dependências, Lisbon, Portugal. 11. National School of Public Health, Management and Professional Development, Bucharest, Romania. 12. Department of Clinical and Lifespan Psychology (KLEP), Free University Brussels (VUB), Brussels, Belgium. 13. St Elisabeth University of Health and Social Work, Bratislava, Slovak Republic. 14. Research Institute for Child Psychology and Pathopsychology, Bratislava, Slovak Republic. 15. National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland. 16. French Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (OFDT), Paris, France. 17. National Research Centre on Addictions - NMRCPN, Moscow, Russia. 18. Former ESPAD Coordinator, Sweden.
Abstract
AIMS: To estimate temporal trends in adolescents' current cigarette, alcohol and cannabis use in Europe by gender and region, test for regional differences and evaluate regional convergence. DESIGN AND SETTING: Five waves of the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD) from 28 countries between 1999 and 2015. Countries were grouped into five regions [northern (NE), southern (SE), western (WE), eastern Europe (EE) and the Balkans (BK)]. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 223 814 male and 211 712 female 15-16-year-old students. MEASUREMENTS: Daily cigarette use, weekly alcohol use, monthly heavy episodic drinking (HED) and monthly cannabis use. Linear and quadratic trends were tested using multi-level mixed-effects logistic regression; regional differences were tested using pairwise Wald tests; mean absolute differences (MD) of predicted prevalence were used for evaluating conversion. FINDINGS: Daily cigarette use among boys in EE showed a declining curvilinear trend, whereas in all other regions a declining linear trend was found. With the exception of BK, trends of weekly drinking decreased curvilinear in both genders in all regions. Among girls, trends in WE, EE and BK differed from trends in NE and SE. Monthly HED showed increasing curvilinear trends in all regions except in NE (both genders), WE and EE (boys each). In both genders, the trend in EE differed from the trend in SE. Trends of cannabis use increased in both genders in SE and BK; differences were found between the curvilinear trends in EE and BK. MD by substance and gender were generally somewhat stable over time. CONCLUSIONS: Despite regional differences in prevalence of substance use among European adolescents from 1999 to 2015, trends showed remarkable similarities, with strong decreasing trends in cigarette use and moderate decreasing trends in alcohol use. Trends of cannabis use only increased in southern Europe and the Balkans. Trends across all substance use indicators suggest no regional convergence.
AIMS: To estimate temporal trends in adolescents' current cigarette, alcohol and cannabis use in Europe by gender and region, test for regional differences and evaluate regional convergence. DESIGN AND SETTING: Five waves of the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD) from 28 countries between 1999 and 2015. Countries were grouped into five regions [northern (NE), southern (SE), western (WE), eastern Europe (EE) and the Balkans (BK)]. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 223 814 male and 211 712 female 15-16-year-old students. MEASUREMENTS: Daily cigarette use, weekly alcohol use, monthly heavy episodic drinking (HED) and monthly cannabis use. Linear and quadratic trends were tested using multi-level mixed-effects logistic regression; regional differences were tested using pairwise Wald tests; mean absolute differences (MD) of predicted prevalence were used for evaluating conversion. FINDINGS: Daily cigarette use among boys in EE showed a declining curvilinear trend, whereas in all other regions a declining linear trend was found. With the exception of BK, trends of weekly drinking decreased curvilinear in both genders in all regions. Among girls, trends in WE, EE and BK differed from trends in NE and SE. Monthly HED showed increasing curvilinear trends in all regions except in NE (both genders), WE and EE (boys each). In both genders, the trend in EE differed from the trend in SE. Trends of cannabis use increased in both genders in SE and BK; differences were found between the curvilinear trends in EE and BK. MD by substance and gender were generally somewhat stable over time. CONCLUSIONS: Despite regional differences in prevalence of substance use among European adolescents from 1999 to 2015, trends showed remarkable similarities, with strong decreasing trends in cigarette use and moderate decreasing trends in alcohol use. Trends of cannabis use only increased in southern Europe and the Balkans. Trends across all substance use indicators suggest no regional convergence.
Authors: Robin Room; Thomas K Greenfield; John Holmes; Ludwig Kraus; Michael Livingston; Amy Pennay; Jukka Törrönen Journal: Addict Res Theory Date: 2019-11-18
Authors: Benjamin Clarsen; Magne Nylenna; Søren Toksvig Klitkou; Stein Emil Vollset; Carl Michael Baravelli; Anette Kocbach Bølling; Gunn Marit Aasvang; Gerhard Sulo; Mohsen Naghavi; Maja Pasovic; Muhammad Asaduzzaman; Tone Bjørge; Anne Elise Eggen; Terje Andreas Eikemo; Christian Lycke Ellingsen; Øystein Ariansen Haaland; Alemayehu Hailu; Shoaib Hassan; Simon I Hay; Petur B Juliusson; Adnan Kisa; Sezer Kisa; Johan Månsson; Teferi Mekonnen; Christopher J L Murray; Ole F Norheim; Trygve Ottersen; Dominic Sagoe; Kam Sripada; Andrea Sylvia Winkler; Ann Kristin Skrindo Knudsen Journal: Lancet Public Health Date: 2022-07
Authors: T Jordan Walter; Nina Pocuca; Jared W Young; Mark A Geyer; Arpi Minassian; William Perry Journal: Psychiatry Res Date: 2020-12-29 Impact factor: 3.222