Anna Ali Nayani1, Romaina Iqbal2, Syed Iqbal Azam3, Farhan Raza Khan4, Aysha Habib Khan5, Naveed Janjua6, Azmina Hussain7. 1. Graduate Student. 2. Departments of Community Health Sciences and Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan. 3. Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan. 4. Section of Dentistry, Department of Surgery, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan. 5. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan. 6. School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Canada and Senior Scientist, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Canada. 7. Oral Pathology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between environmental tobacco smoke and dental caries. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in peri-urban and urban areas of Karachi, from February to August 2014, and comprised children aged 5-14 years. A pre-coded questionnaire for environmental tobacco smoke and food frequency questionnaire for dietary habits were used. Dental examination of children was done to detect caries. Cox-proportional hazard algorithm was used to measure the association of environmental tobacco smoke with dental caries at multivariable level. STATA version 12.0 was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Of the 500 children, 250(50%) each were from peri-urban and urban localities. The prevalence of dental caries was 336(67.2%).Family members of 154(30.8%) participants reported smoking. After adjusting for junk food intake, in-between meals, age, plaque index, dental visits and socio-economic status, the association between environmental tobacco smoke and dental caries remained statistically significant (p<0.05). Compared to non-exposed children, the adjusted prevalence ratio was 1.25 (95% confidence interval: 1.08-1.46) and 1.36 (95% confidence interval: 1.09-1.70) for children with < 30 minutes and >30 minutes of environmental tobacco smoke exposure, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Environmental tobacco smoke was found to be associated with dental caries.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between environmental tobacco smoke and dental caries. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in peri-urban and urban areas of Karachi, from February to August 2014, and comprised children aged 5-14 years. A pre-coded questionnaire for environmental tobacco smoke and food frequency questionnaire for dietary habits were used. Dental examination of children was done to detect caries. Cox-proportional hazard algorithm was used to measure the association of environmental tobacco smoke with dental caries at multivariable level. STATA version 12.0 was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Of the 500 children, 250(50%) each were from peri-urban and urban localities. The prevalence of dental caries was 336(67.2%).Family members of 154(30.8%) participants reported smoking. After adjusting for junk food intake, in-between meals, age, plaque index, dental visits and socio-economic status, the association between environmental tobacco smoke and dental caries remained statistically significant (p<0.05). Compared to non-exposed children, the adjusted prevalence ratio was 1.25 (95% confidence interval: 1.08-1.46) and 1.36 (95% confidence interval: 1.09-1.70) for children with < 30 minutes and >30 minutes of environmental tobacco smoke exposure, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Environmental tobacco smoke was found to be associated with dental caries.
Entities:
Keywords:
Dental caries, Tobacco smoke pollutions, Children
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