Osteoporosis for the practicing neurologist.

Osteoporosis is a common condition of impaired bone strength leading to fractures. A targeted history, physical exam, and blood work can help elucidate potentially reversible causes of low bone mass. In the neurology office, particular attention should be paid to the patient on glucocorticoids or antiepileptic medications, as these have distinct detrimental effects on bone. Patients can be risk-stratified by using the FRAX calculator, a tool that can help determine whether the patient is at sufficient risk of fracture to warrant pharmacologic therapy. Nonpharmacologic treatments such as calcium, vitamin D, and exercise should be discussed with the patient. The cornerstone of pharmacologic therapy has been treatment with bisphosphonates, but newer medications are available as well for the high-risk patient.