Surface functional DNA density control by programmable molecular defects.

Programmable surface-patterned functional DNA density is achieved via manipulation of molecular-level defects through chemical lift-off lithography. Artificial SAM defects are well-tunable by a contact-induced reaction, enabling molecular environment guidance and DNA insertion to be spatially and quantitatively addressable. This straightforward molecular density control creates an advanced avenue toward fabricating multiplexed bioactive substrates.