The tegumental allergen-like proteins of Schistosoma mansoni: A biochemical study of SmTAL4-TAL13.

Schistosoma mansoni, like other trematodes, expresses a number of unusual calcium binding proteins which consist of an EF-hand domain joined to a dynein light chain-like (DLC-like) domain by a flexible linker. These proteins have been implicated in host immune responses and drug binding. Three members of this protein family from S. mansoni (SmTAL1, SmTAL2 and SmTAL3) have been well characterised biochemically. Here we characterise the remaining family members from this species (SmTAL4-13). All of these proteins form homodimers and all except SmTAL5 bind to calcium and manganese ions. SmTAL9, 10 and 11 also bind to magnesium ions. The antischistosomal drug, praziquantel interacts with SmTAL4, 5 and 8. Some family members also bind to calmodulin antagonists such as chlorpromazine and trifluoperazine. Molecular modelling suggests that all ten proteins adopt similar overall folds with the EF-hand and DLC-like domains folding discretely. Bioinformatics analyses suggest that the proteins may fall into two main categories: (i) those which bind calcium ions reversibly at the second EF-hand and may play a role in signalling (SmTAL1, 2, 8 and 12) and (ii) those which bind calcium ions at the first EF-hand and may play either signalling or structural roles (SmTAL7, 9, 10 and 13). The remaining proteins include those which do not bind calcium ions (SmTAL3 and 5) and three other proteins (SmTAL4, 6 and 11). The roles of these proteins are less clear, but they may also have structural roles.