V Kovess-Masfety1, S Saha2, C C W Lim2, S Aguilar-Gaxiola3, A Al-Hamzawi4, J Alonso5,6,7, G Borges8, G de Girolamo9, P de Jonge10,11, K Demyttenaere12, S Florescu13, J M Haro14, C Hu15, E G Karam16,17,18, N Kawakami19, S Lee20, J P Lepine21, F Navarro-Mateu22, J C Stagnaro23, M Ten Have24, M C Viana25, R C Kessler26, J J McGrath2,27. 1. Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Santé Publique (EHESP), EA 4057, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France. 2. Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Qld, Australia. 3. Center for Reducing Health Disparities, UC Davis Health System, Sacramento, CA, USA. 4. College of Medicine, Al-Qadisiya University, Diwaniya Governorate, Iraq. 5. Health Services Research Unit, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. 6. Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain. 7. CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain. 8. National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente, Mexico City, Mexico. 9. Unit of Epidemiological and Evaluation Psychiatry, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)-St. John of God Clinical Research Centre, Brescia, Italy. 10. Developmental Psychology, Department of Psychology, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Groningen, NL, The Netherlands. 11. Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, NL, The Netherlands. 12. Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. 13. National School of Public Health, Management and Development, Bucharest, Romania. 14. Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Universitat de Barcelona, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain. 15. Shenzhen Institute of Mental Health & Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen, China. 16. Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Balamand University, Beirut, Lebanon. 17. Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, St George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon. 18. Institute for Development Research Advocacy and Applied Care (IDRAAC), Beirut, Lebanon. 19. Department of Mental Health, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. 20. Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong. 21. Hôpital Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Universités Paris Descartes-Paris Diderot, INSERM UMR-S 1144, Paris, France. 22. UDIF-SM, Subdirección General de Planificación, Innovación y Cronicidad, Servicio Murciano de Salud. IMIB-Arrixaca. CIBERESP-Murcia, Murcia, Spain. 23. Departamento de Psiquiatía y Salud Mental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina. 24. Trimbos-Instituut, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands. 25. Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil. 26. Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. 27. National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus BSS, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Religiosity is often associated with better health outcomes. The aim of the study was to examine associations between psychotic experiences (PEs) and religiosity in a large, cross-national sample. METHODS: A total of 25 542 adult respondents across 18 countries from the WHO World Mental Health Surveys were assessed for PEs, religious affiliation and indices of religiosity, DSM-IV mental disorders and general medical conditions. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the association between PEs and religiosity with various adjustments. RESULTS: Of 25 542 included respondents, 85.6% (SE = 0.3) (n = 21 860) respondents reported having a religious affiliation. Overall, there was no association between religious affiliation status and PEs. Within the subgroup having a religious affiliation, four of five indices of religiosity were significantly associated with increased odds of PEs (odds ratios ranged from 1.3 to 1.9). The findings persisted after adjustments for mental disorders and/or general medical conditions, as well as religious denomination type. There was a significant association between increased religiosity and reporting more types of PEs. CONCLUSIONS: Among individuals with religious affiliations, those who reported more religiosity on four of five indices had increased odds of PEs. Focussed and more qualitative research will be required to unravel the interrelationship between religiosity and PEs.
OBJECTIVES: Religiosity is often associated with better health outcomes. The aim of the study was to examine associations between psychotic experiences (PEs) and religiosity in a large, cross-national sample. METHODS: A total of 25 542 adult respondents across 18 countries from the WHO World Mental Health Surveys were assessed for PEs, religious affiliation and indices of religiosity, DSM-IV mental disorders and general medical conditions. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the association between PEs and religiosity with various adjustments. RESULTS: Of 25 542 included respondents, 85.6% (SE = 0.3) (n = 21 860) respondents reported having a religious affiliation. Overall, there was no association between religious affiliation status and PEs. Within the subgroup having a religious affiliation, four of five indices of religiosity were significantly associated with increased odds of PEs (odds ratios ranged from 1.3 to 1.9). The findings persisted after adjustments for mental disorders and/or general medical conditions, as well as religious denomination type. There was a significant association between increased religiosity and reporting more types of PEs. CONCLUSIONS: Among individuals with religious affiliations, those who reported more religiosity on four of five indices had increased odds of PEs. Focussed and more qualitative research will be required to unravel the interrelationship between religiosity and PEs.
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