Niloufar Marsousi1,2, Youssef Daali1,2,3, Pierre Fontana4,5,6, Jean-Luc Reny6,7, Virginie Ancrenaz-Sirot1, Alexandra Calmy8, Serge Rudaz2,3, Jules Alexandre Desmeules1,2,3,4, Caroline Flora Samer9,10,11. 1. Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle Perret-Gentil 4, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland. 2. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Geneva and Lausanne Universities, Geneva, Switzerland. 3. Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Basel, Switzerland. 4. Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland. 5. Division of Angiology and Haemostasis, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland. 6. Geneva Platelet Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. 7. Department of General Internal Medicine, Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland. 8. Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland. 9. Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle Perret-Gentil 4, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland. caroline.samer@hcuge.ch. 10. Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Basel, Switzerland. caroline.samer@hcuge.ch. 11. Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland. caroline.samer@hcuge.ch.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:Prasugrel and clopidogrel are inhibitors of the ADP-P2Y12 platelet receptor used in acute coronary syndrome patients. They require bioactivation via isoenzymes such as cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4, CYP2C19 and CYP2B6. Ritonavir and cobicistat are potent CYP3A inhibitors, prescribed as pharmacokinetic (PK) enhancers in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. METHODS: In this study, the impact of boosted antiretroviral therapies (ARTs) on the PK of clopidogrel and prasugrel active metabolites (AMs), and on the efficacy of prasugrel and clopidogrel, were evaluated in a randomized crossover clinical trial. RESULTS: A significantly lower exposure to clopidogrel AM [3.2-fold lower area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax)] and prasugrel AM (2.1-fold and 1.7-fold lower AUC and Cmax) were demonstrated in HIV-infected patients treated with boosted ARTs compared with healthy controls; however, a differential impact was observed on platelet inhibition between clopidogrel and prasugrel. Clopidogrel 300 mg induced adequate (although modest) platelet inhibition in all healthy subjects, while platelet inhibition was insufficient in 44% of HIV patients. On the contrary, prasugrel 60 mg induced a potent platelet inhibition in both healthy and HIV-infected subjects. CONCLUSION:Prasugrel appears to remain an adequate antiplatelet agent in HIV-infected patients and could be preferred to clopidogrel in this context, regardless of the metabolic interaction and inhibition of its bioactivation pathways.
RCT Entities:
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:Prasugrel and clopidogrel are inhibitors of the ADP-P2Y12 platelet receptor used in acute coronary syndromepatients. They require bioactivation via isoenzymes such as cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4, CYP2C19 and CYP2B6. Ritonavir and cobicistat are potent CYP3A inhibitors, prescribed as pharmacokinetic (PK) enhancers in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. METHODS: In this study, the impact of boosted antiretroviral therapies (ARTs) on the PK of clopidogrel and prasugrel active metabolites (AMs), and on the efficacy of prasugrel and clopidogrel, were evaluated in a randomized crossover clinical trial. RESULTS: A significantly lower exposure to clopidogrel AM [3.2-fold lower area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax)] and prasugrel AM (2.1-fold and 1.7-fold lower AUC and Cmax) were demonstrated in HIV-infectedpatients treated with boosted ARTs compared with healthy controls; however, a differential impact was observed on platelet inhibition between clopidogrel and prasugrel. Clopidogrel 300 mg induced adequate (although modest) platelet inhibition in all healthy subjects, while platelet inhibition was insufficient in 44% of HIVpatients. On the contrary, prasugrel 60 mg induced a potent platelet inhibition in both healthy and HIV-infected subjects. CONCLUSION:Prasugrel appears to remain an adequate antiplatelet agent in HIV-infectedpatients and could be preferred to clopidogrel in this context, regardless of the metabolic interaction and inhibition of its bioactivation pathways.
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