Deep intronic variation in splicing regulatory element of the ERCC8 gene associated with severe but long-term survival Cockayne syndrome.

Cockayne syndrome is an autosomal recessive multisystem disorder characterized by intellectual disability, microcephaly, severe growth failure, sensory impairment, peripheral neuropathy, and cutaneous sensitivity. This rare disease is linked to disease-causing variations in the ERCC6 (CSB) and ERCC8 (CSA) genes. Various degrees of severity have been described according to age at onset and survival, without any clear genotype-phenotype correlation. All types of nucleotide changes have been observed in CS genes, including splice variations mainly affecting the splice site consensus sequences. We report here the case of two brothers from a consanguineous family presenting a severe but long-term survival phenotype of Cockayne syndrome. We identified in the patients a homozygous deep intronic nucleotide variation causing the insertion of a cryptic exon in the ERCC8 (CSA) transcript, by modifying intronic regulatory elements important for exon definition. The pathogenesis of the nucleotide variant NG_009289.1(NM_000082.3):c.173+1119G>C was validated in vitro with a reporter minigene system. To our knowledge, these are the first Cockayne patients described with this kind of disease-causing variation, though molecular mechanism underlying early onset symptoms and unexpected slow raise of progression of the disease remain to be elucidated.