Chien-Hung Lee1,2,3, Albert Min-Shan Ko4, Frances M Yang5, Chung-Chieh Hung6, Saman Warnakulasuriya7, Salah Osman Ibrahim8, Rosnah Binti Zain9,10, Ying-Chin Ko11. 1. Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. 2. Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. 3. Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. 4. Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. 5. Department of Population Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta. 6. Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan. 7. Department of Oral Medicine, King's College London, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Oral Cancer and Precancer, London, United Kingdom. 8. Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. 9. Faculty of Dentistry, MAHSA University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 10. Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Centre, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 11. Environment-Omics-Disease Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
Abstract
Importance: Betel-quid (BQ) is the fourth most popular psychoactive agent worldwide. An emerging trend across Asia is the addictive consumption of BQ, which is associated with oral cancer and other health consequences. Objective: To investigate the validity and pattern of DSM-5-defined BQ use disorder (BUD) and its association with oral potentially malignant disorder (OPMD) among Asian populations. Design, Setting, and Participants: In-person interviews were conducted from January 1, 2009, to February 28, 2010, among a random sample of 8922 noninstitutionalized adults from the Asian Betel-quid Consortium study, an Asian representative survey of 6 BQ-endemic populations. Statistical analysis was performed from January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2016. Main Outcomes and Measures: Participants were evaluated for BUD using DSM-5 criteria for substance use disorder and for OPMD using a clinical oral examination. Current users of BQ with 0 to 1 symptoms were classified as having no BUD, those with 2 to 3 symptoms as having mild BUD, those with 4 to 5 symptoms as having moderate BUD, and those with 6 or more symptoms as having severe BUD. Results: Among the 8922 participants (4564 women and 4358 men; mean [SD] age, 44.2 [0.2] years), DSM-5 symptoms showed sufficient unidimensionality to act as a valid measure for BUD. The 12-month prevalence of DSM-5-defined BUD in the 6 study populations was 18.0% (mild BUD, 3.2%; moderate BUD, 4.3%; and severe BUD, 10.5%). The 12-month proportion of DSM-5-defined BUD among current users of BQ was 86.0% (mild BUD, 15.5%; moderate BUD, 20.6%; and severe BUD, 50.0%). Sex, age, low educational level, smoking, and drinking were significantly associated with BUD. Among individuals who used BQ, family use, high frequency of use, and amount of BQ used were significantly linked to moderate to severe BUD. Compared with individuals who did not use BQ, those who used BQ and had no BUD showed a 22.0-fold (95% CI, 4.3-112.4) risk of OPMD (P < .001), whereas those with mild BUD showed a 9.6-fold (95% CI, 1.8-56.8) risk (P = .01), those with moderate BUD showed a 35.5-fold (95% CI, 4.3-292.3) risk (P = .001), and those with severe BUD showed a 27.5-fold (95% CI, 1.6-461.4) risk of OPMD (P = .02). Individuals with moderate to severe BUD who used BQ and had the symptom of tolerance had a 153.4-fold (95% CI, 33.4-703.6) higher risk of OPMD than those who did not use BQ, and those with moderate to severe BUD who used BQ and had a larger amount or longer history of BQ use had an 88.9-fold (95% CI, 16.6-476.5) higher risk of OPMD than those who did not use BQ. Conclusions and Relevance: This international study gathered data about BQ users across 6 Asian populations, and it demonstrates that DSM-5 symptoms could fulfill a BUD construct. Most current Asian users of BQ already have BUD, which is correlated with risk of OPMD. Among individuals with moderate to severe BUD who used BQ, tolerance and a larger amount or longer history of BQ use are the key symptoms that correlated with enhanced risk of OPMD. These findings play an important role in providing a new indication of an additional psychiatric management plan for users of BQ who have BUD.
Importance: Betel-quid (BQ) is the fourth most popular psychoactive agent worldwide. An emerging trend across Asia is the addictive consumption of BQ, which is associated with oral cancer and other health consequences. Objective: To investigate the validity and pattern of DSM-5-defined BQ use disorder (BUD) and its association with oral potentially malignant disorder (OPMD) among Asian populations. Design, Setting, and Participants: In-person interviews were conducted from January 1, 2009, to February 28, 2010, among a random sample of 8922 noninstitutionalized adults from the Asian Betel-quid Consortium study, an Asian representative survey of 6 BQ-endemic populations. Statistical analysis was performed from January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2016. Main Outcomes and Measures: Participants were evaluated for BUD using DSM-5 criteria for substance use disorder and for OPMD using a clinical oral examination. Current users of BQ with 0 to 1 symptoms were classified as having no BUD, those with 2 to 3 symptoms as having mild BUD, those with 4 to 5 symptoms as having moderate BUD, and those with 6 or more symptoms as having severe BUD. Results: Among the 8922 participants (4564 women and 4358 men; mean [SD] age, 44.2 [0.2] years), DSM-5 symptoms showed sufficient unidimensionality to act as a valid measure for BUD. The 12-month prevalence of DSM-5-defined BUD in the 6 study populations was 18.0% (mild BUD, 3.2%; moderate BUD, 4.3%; and severe BUD, 10.5%). The 12-month proportion of DSM-5-defined BUD among current users of BQ was 86.0% (mild BUD, 15.5%; moderate BUD, 20.6%; and severe BUD, 50.0%). Sex, age, low educational level, smoking, and drinking were significantly associated with BUD. Among individuals who used BQ, family use, high frequency of use, and amount of BQ used were significantly linked to moderate to severe BUD. Compared with individuals who did not use BQ, those who used BQ and had no BUD showed a 22.0-fold (95% CI, 4.3-112.4) risk of OPMD (P < .001), whereas those with mild BUD showed a 9.6-fold (95% CI, 1.8-56.8) risk (P = .01), those with moderate BUD showed a 35.5-fold (95% CI, 4.3-292.3) risk (P = .001), and those with severe BUD showed a 27.5-fold (95% CI, 1.6-461.4) risk of OPMD (P = .02). Individuals with moderate to severe BUD who used BQ and had the symptom of tolerance had a 153.4-fold (95% CI, 33.4-703.6) higher risk of OPMD than those who did not use BQ, and those with moderate to severe BUD who used BQ and had a larger amount or longer history of BQ use had an 88.9-fold (95% CI, 16.6-476.5) higher risk of OPMD than those who did not use BQ. Conclusions and Relevance: This international study gathered data about BQ users across 6 Asian populations, and it demonstrates that DSM-5 symptoms could fulfill a BUD construct. Most current Asian users of BQ already have BUD, which is correlated with risk of OPMD. Among individuals with moderate to severe BUD who used BQ, tolerance and a larger amount or longer history of BQ use are the key symptoms that correlated with enhanced risk of OPMD. These findings play an important role in providing a new indication of an additional psychiatric management plan for users of BQ who have BUD.
Authors: Hedieh Mehrtash; Kalina Duncan; Mark Parascandola; Annette David; Ellen R Gritz; Prakash C Gupta; Ravi Mehrotra; Amer Siddiq Amer Nordin; Paul C Pearlman; Saman Warnakulasuriya; Chi-Pang Wen; Rosnah Binti Zain; Edward L Trimble Journal: Lancet Oncol Date: 2017-12 Impact factor: 41.316
Authors: Bridget F Grant; Tulshi D Saha; W June Ruan; Risë B Goldstein; S Patricia Chou; Jeesun Jung; Haitao Zhang; Sharon M Smith; Roger P Pickering; Boji Huang; Deborah S Hasin Journal: JAMA Psychiatry Date: 2016-01 Impact factor: 21.596
Authors: Linda R Gowing; Robert L Ali; Steve Allsop; John Marsden; Elizabeth E Turf; Robert West; John Witton Journal: Addiction Date: 2015-06 Impact factor: 6.526
Authors: Roger L Papke; Indraneel Bhattacharyya; Dorothy K Hatsukami; Ingyin Moe; Sam Glatman Journal: Subst Use Misuse Date: 2019-06-20 Impact factor: 2.164
Authors: Tien-Chi Huang; Wei-Tsung Wu; Ying-Chih Chen; Frances M Yang; Wei-Chung Tsai; Chien-Hung Lee Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2020-10-14 Impact factor: 3.390