FOXO family in regulating cancer and metabolism.

FOXO proteins are a sub-group of a superfamily of forkhead box (FOX)-containing transcription factors (TFs). FOXOs play an important role in regulating a plethora of biological activities ranging from development, cell signaling, and tumorigenesis to cell metabolism. Here we mainly focus on reviewing the role of FOXOs in regulating tumor and metabolism. Moreover, how crosstalk among various pathways influences the function of FOXOs will be reviewed. Further, the paradoxical role for FOXOs in controlling the fate of cancer and especially resistance/sensitivity of cancer to the class of drugs that target PI3K/AKT will also be reviewed. Finally, how FOXOs regulate crosstalk between common cancer pathways and cell metabolism pathways, and how these crosstalks affect the fate of the cancer will be discussed.