Navigating albumin-based nanoparticles through various drug delivery routes.

As a natural polymer, albumin is well-received for being nontoxic, nonimmunogenic, biodegradable and biocompatible. Together with its targeting potential on specific cells, albumin-based nanoparticles appear as an effective carrier for various therapeutics. In recent years, there has been an increasing number of studies investigating the use of albumin-based nanoparticles across different administration routes. Although each route and target tissue presents a distinct anatomical and physiological profile that demands specific consideration, pharmaceuticals could still be delivered effectively via albumin-based nanoparticles. Therefore, this review discusses the features that warrant such applications across various delivery routes and explores their possibilities in other administration routes. The challenges associated with its use will also be elaborated to provide a holistic consideration to realise their clinical potentials.