Two simple models for teaching fiberoptic choledochoscopy techniques.

Two models are used for the development of practical skills with the fiberoptic choledochoscope. The models allow the surgeon to become comfortable in manipulating the fiberoptic choledochoscope and various tools. Olympus, Pentax and American ACMI fiberopticscopes have been shown using these models. Use of models eliminates the cost and ethics of using live animals, as well as ensuring training before intraoperative choledochoscopy is attempted on patients.