Cardiovascular Disease in Women.

Cardiovascular disease in women as a distinct disease entity is underappreciated relative to other female-specific diseases. A perception that cardiovascular disease affects men more commonly and a lack of understanding about the underlying pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease in women contribute to this phenomenon. Hormonal changes, pregnancy-related conditions, and cancer therapies have an impact on endothelial function, vascular anatomy, and myocardial contractility. Women with heart disease often present later, receive care not consistent with accepted guidelines, and have less access to diagnostic and therapeutic resources. Understanding the differences and challenges of treating cardiovascular disease in women is essential to improving population health. Published by Elsevier Inc.