Effects of miR-21 on proliferation and apoptosis in human gastric adenocarcinoma cells.

The present study investigated the expression of miR-21 in MGC803 gastric cancer cells and its effects on Bcl-2 expression and cell proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion. In total 50 patients were recruited with gastric cancer who were admitted to the Henan Province People's Hospital. The samples of gastric cancer and the adjacent normal tissues were collected after surgery. We found that mRNA levels of miR-21 and Bcl-2 were significantly elevated in tumor tissues compared to control tissue. The expression of Bcl-2 protein was also elevated in cancerous tissue. This high expression of Bcl-2 was associated with clinical stage, lymph node metastasis, and tumor differentiation degree. Inhibition of miR-21 reduced the levels of miR-21 and Bcl-2 in MGC803 cells, and lowered cell proliferation and invasiveness. These results indicate that miR-21 and Bcl-2 may participate in the occurrence and development of gastric adenocarcinoma, suggesting their potential role as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

Introduction

The incidence of gastric cancer in the digestive tract is 13.9% with a continuous increasing trend (1). The complex pathogenesis of cancer involves oncogene activation, mutation of tumor suppressor genes, and proliferation of malignant cells. In addition, apoptosis is inhibited in the malignant cells (2). The deregulation of proliferation and/or apoptosis induces the appearance of malignant tumors (3). MicroRNAs (miRs) are non-coding RNAs that control gene expression. A recent study confirmed that the development of malignant tumors is highly related to the activation and expression of specific miRs (4). Abnormal expression of miRs can contribute to the dysregulation of oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes, exerting a tremendous influence on the development of malignant tumors and the progression of cancers (5). Investigating miRs can contribute to understanding the mechanism of proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and metastasis of gastric cancer cells, and have the potential to become alternative therapeutic targets. Previous findings verified the abnormal expression of miRs in gastric cancer tissues (5,6). Thus, specific miRs can be used as markers to distinguish normal and malignant tissues, with the potential to become promising targets for testing, diagnosing, and treating gastric cancer (7,8).

Bcl-2 is an anti-apoptotic gene located on human chromosome 18q21 (9) highly expressed in stem cells of human tissues, including skin basal collagen cells and small intestinal crypt bottom cells. By inhibiting cell apoptosis, Bcl-2 ensures that the cells have sufficient time to complete their transformation from stem cells into highly differentiated cells (10). Previous results have verified that Bcl-2 is closely related to the occurrence and development of lymphoma, colorectal, breast, cervical, and thyroid cancer (11–13). Other studies demonstrate that Bcl-2 is also linked to the prognosis of certain tumors (14). In addition, a high expression of Bcl-2 is closely associated with the invasion and metastasis of malignant tumor cells and recent studies showed that the expression of Bcl-2 in tumor cells can be inhibited by artificial methods, leading to the increase of cancer cell sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs (15). In addition, we downregulation of Bcl-2 induces and speeds apoptosis in primary tumor cells.

We further investigated the role of miR-21 in the occurrence and development of gastric cancers by analyzing gastric cancer pathology and adjacent normal tissues. We examined the potential mechanisms of miR-21 to provide a novel biomarker for early diagnosis and provide a rationale for new treatments of gastric cancer.

Materials and methods

Tissue processing

Gastric carcinoma and the corresponding normal gastric tissue were stored at −80°C. The samples were ground and the powder was placed in a pre-processed tube, adding 500 µl TRIzol, and mixed for 15 sec; 170 µl chloroform was added with 15 sec mixing and centrifugation at 10,000 × g for 10 min. Supernatant (400 µl) was added to a new tube, 500 µl isopropanol was added with 15 sec mixing with the vortex, then centrifuge at 10,000 × g for 10 min at 4°C. Supernatant was discard, the white sediment at the bottom of the tube was air dried. Total RNA was dissolved in 50 µl DEPC water.

Western blot analysis

Two hundred milligrams of tissue was sheared and 1 ml of lysate was added; homogenated and centrifuged at 6,200 × g for 10 min, the supernatant was transferred to a new tube; centrifuge at 10,000 × g for 60 min, and the supernatant was transferred to a new tube. The protein content was determined with the protein kit BCA™.

Flow cytometry

The MGC803 human gastric cancer cell line was transfected with miR-21, after which the cells were starved for 48 h after transfection. Then, we trypsinized the cells (0.25% trypsin) into a single cell suspension and used Annexin V-FITC/PI to detect apoptosis by cytometer. Primer sequences used were: miR-21 forward, 5′-TCCGAAGTTGTAGTCAGACT-3′ and reverse, 5′-GTGCAGGGTCCGAGGT-3′.

MTT assay

MGC803 cells transfected with miR-21 were trypsinized and re-suspended in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) culture medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). The cells were seeded in 96-well culture plates with a volume of 200 µl per well. The 96-well culture plates were placed in 5% CO2 cell culture incubator with saturated humidity and 37°C for 3–5 days. MTT solution (20 µl) was then added to each well, and the cells were incubated in the incubator for 4 h. The culture medium was discarded, 150 µl DMSO was added per well, and shaken for 10 min. Absorbance was measured at 92 nm in the cell culture medium using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the cell growth curve was drawn with the time as the horizontal coordinate. The DMEM (FBS-free) was used to dilute the Matrigel. MGC803 cells were cultured with serum-free DMEM for 24 h. The supernatant was used as the chemotaxis solution with 0.05–0.2% BSA. MGC803 cells were washed with PBS 2–3 times. Cell culture medium (DMEM-free) was added and the cells were placed in the incubator for 24 h. The supernatant was discarded and digested with 0.25% trypsin. The supernatant was discarded, and DMEM with 5% BSA was used to re-suspend cells; 300 µl DMEM (FBS-free) was added to the upper chamber; 200 µl chemotaxis solution was added to the lower chamber, and the Matrigel was covered; 400 µl cell suspension was added to the upper chamber and incubated for 48 h; 95% ethanol was used for 30 min and then stained with H&E. Five fields of view were selected to count and take the average value of the transmembrane cells. The above experiments were repeated three times.

Results

Levels of miR-21 and Bcl-2 mRNA in gastric cancer and adjacent normal tissue

To examine the role of miR-21 and Bcl-2 in gastric cancer, we extracted total RNA from gastric cancer samples and adjacent normal tissue to measure mRNA levels. We measured mRNA levels of miR-21 and Bcl-2 by fluorescent quantitative PCR in 50 pairs of gastric cancer tissues and the adjacent normal tissues (Tables I and II). The ΔCT values for miR-21 in the gastric cancer group were significantly higher than those in the control group (Table I). In addition, the ΔCT values for Bcl-2 mRNA in the gastric cancer group was also significantly higher that in the control group (Table II).

Table I.

Expression of miR-21 mRNA (mean ± SD, n=50).

Groups	ΔCq	ΔΔCq	2−ΔΔCq
Para-gastric cancer	14.78±0.15	6.69±0.32	1.06±0.13
Gastric cancer tissues	8.63±0.26	0.54±0.12	8.12±0.21[a]

P<0.01, as compared the experimental and control group.

Table II.

Expression of Bcl-2 mRNA (mean ± SD, n=50).

Groups	ΔCq	ΔΔCq	2−ΔΔCq
Gastric cancer	12.18±0.15	7.81±0.19	1.13±0.55
Para-gastric cancer	5.63±0.26	0.43±0.27	9.26±0.37[a]

P<0.01, as compared the experimental and control group.

Expression of Bcl-2 in gastric cancer

We next validated the elevated Bcl-2 mRNA expression by analyzing the protein levels. The expression of Bcl-2 in the gastric cancer and control group were measured and tested by western blot analysis. Compared to the control group, the level of the Bcl-2 protein in the gastric cancer group was significantly higher (Fig. 1), supporting the results with mRNA levels.

Figure 1.

Expression of Bcl-2 proteins in normal and tumor tissues.

Correlation of Bcl-2 expression and clinical features

We investigated the correlation between Bcl-2 protein expression in gastric adenocarcinoma and clinical features (Table III). Expression of Bcl-2 protein was not associated to age and locations of the tumor. However, we found a strong association with the tumor clinical stage, tumor cell invasion of lymph nodes, and the tumor metastasis degree (Table III). We also compared the relative expression of miR-21 and Blc-2 mRNA by Spearman test. We found a strong correlation of the expression of miR-21 and Blc-2 mRNA.

Table III.

Bcl-2 protein expression and the clinical features.

Group	Cases (n)	High Bcl-2 (n)	Low Bcl-2 (n)	P-value
Age (years)				0.72
≤65	14	8	6
>65	36	18	18
Clinical stages				0.024
T1	14	3	11
T2	20	8	12
T3	10	8	2
T4	6	5	1
Lymph nodes				0.025
Yes	9	8	1
No	41	13	28
Metastasis degree				0.041
High	21	18	3
Middle	16	10	6
Low	11	4	7
Tumor location				0.701
Before cardiac stomach	15	7	8
After cardiac stomach	4	1	3
On cardiac stomach	31	17	14

Inhibition of miR-21 in MGC803 cells

To investigate the functional relevance of miR-21 expression in gastric adenocarcinoma, we introduced the miR-21 inhibitor into MGC803 cells and normal cells. We measured the expression levels of miR-21 after 48 h. Compared to normal cells, the expression of miR-21 in MGC803 cells was significantly reduced (Fig. 2).

Figure 2.

Expressional level of miR-21 in MGC803 after transfer with miR-21 inhibitor. *P<0.01.

The Protein expression of Bcl-2 in MGC803 lineage and normal cells

We examined Bcl-2 expression, cell proliferation, apoptosis and invasion on MGC803 cells treated with miR-21. We found that miR-21 inhibition resulted in significantly lower levels of Bcl-2 protein (Table IV).

Table IV.

The protein expression of Bcl-2 in MGC803 lineage and normal cells.

		Bcl-2
Groups	n	+	−	Positive rate (%)	χ2	P-value
Gastric cancer	96	35	61	36.5	63.548	<0.001
Control	96	88	8	91.7

P<0.01, as compared the experimental and control group.

Proliferation of MGC803 after miR-21 inhibition

The proliferation of the MGC803 cells using the MMT assay was determined. We incubated normal and MGC803 cells for 24, 48 and 72 h with miR-21 inhibitor found at each time-point the proliferation of the MGC803 cells was decreased compared to the control group (Fig. 3). At each time-point the differences were statistically significance (P<0.01).

Figure 3.

Proliferation of the MGC803 after transferred with miR-21 inhibitor compared to normal cells. *P<0.01.

Apoptosis in MGC803 cells after miR-21 inhibition

To further investigate the effects of miR-21 in MGC803 apoptosis, we used Annexin V-FITC/PI double stain. We evaluated MGC803 apoptosis at different time-points (0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h) after miR-21 inhibition. As time progressed, MGC803 apoptosis showed acceleration (Fig. 4). At each time-point, the apoptosis of the MGC803 cells was higher than that in normal cells (Fig. 4).

Figure 4.

Annexin V-FITC/PI double stain and F were performed to evaluate the conditions of MGC803 cell apoptosis in different time-points (0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h, respectively). As the time elapses, the apoptosis of the MGC803 process was accelerated. At each time-point, apoptosis of the MGC803 cells is higher in the experimental group comparing the normal cells group (P<0.05).

Invasion of MGC803 cells after miR-21 inhibition

The cell invasion ability is one of the key features of tumors, which can represent the malignancy degree of the tumor. To investigate gastric cancer cell invasion, the Transwell assay was used to evaluate the ability of MGC803 to invade after miR-21 inhibition. Compared with the control group, the invasion ability of the MGC803 was significantly decreased (P<0.01) (Fig. 5).

Figure 5.

The invasion ability of the MGC803 cells after transferred with miR-21 inhibitor. *P<0.01.

Discussion

The rapid development of molecular biology and modern cancer medicine has revealed the correlation between miR expression and the development of malignant tumors. miRs can regulate the expression of one third of genes in the human genome and have been shown to exert many physiological functions in cell development, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and metastasis. The expression levels of miRs are altered changed (increased or decreased) in most malignant tumor tissues compared to normal tissues, suggesting strong connection between miRs and the development of tumors (16–20). The malignant tumor growth, proliferation, invasion, and metastasis, and apoptosis are closely correlated to abnormal expression of miRs and its aberrant regulatory activities.

Our experiments show that miR-21 mRNA and Bcl-2 mRNAs were significantly elevated in gastric adenocarcinoma and miR-21 inhibition reduced the proliferation and increase the apoptosis of MGC803 cells. Antisense inhibition of miR-21 can activate malignant cells apoptosis (21). The study of antisense oligonucleotides decreased the expression of miR-21 in glioma cells and cell number, while the activity of caspase-3 and −7 were significantly increased. Our experiments show that miR-21 inhibition had similar effects on gastric adenocarcinoma. The inhibitory effect of Bcl-2 on apoptosis mainly form channel protein in three steps (22–25): i) Increase cell membrane permeability to inhibit the release of mitochondrial apoptotic proteins, and ultimately inhibit apoptosis; ii) improve cellular antioxidant, scavenging oxygen free radicals to suppress apoptosis; and iii) block calcium ion transmembrane flow through intracellular calcium ion concentration regulation to inhibit apoptosis.

Using artificial approaches to inhibit the miR-21 in cholangiocarcinoma cells showed that miR-21 promoted the effectiveness of the chemotherapy drug gemcitabine by inducing apoptosis (26). This suggests that miR-21 activates the PI3K signaling pathway. Lund et al (27) showed that miR-21 can reduce the expression of PDCD4 in breast cancer cells, thus promoting the transformation of tumor cells. In colon cancer samples and cell lines, miR-21 can regulate the target gene of PDCD4, thus, suggesting a key role in growth and invasion.

Our study also found that Bcl-2 was associated with clinical staging, lymph node metastasis, and tumor differentiation. The relative expression of miR-21 and Bcl-2 mRNA were strongly correlated with gastric cancer. Other research found that the content of miR-21 in breast cancer tissue was significantly higher than in normal tissue (28,29). miR-21 was also associated with tumor clinical stage, vascular invasion, and tumor cell proliferation, suggesting a similar role for miR-21 in breast and gastric cancer. A study found that the apoptosis induced factor of PDCD4 inhibits the expression of miR-21 in MCF-7 cells, and miR-21 can play an antagonistic role to p53 apoptosis pathway by inhibition of the tumor suppressor protein p53 (30). Finally, we found that miR-21 promotes the expression of Bcl-2 protein, and miR-21 inhibition decreased cell proliferation. The mechanisms regulating miR-21 high expression in gastric adenocarcinoma tissues are still unclear. One possibility is that miR-21 promotes the proliferation and invasion of human MGC803 cells and the inhibition of apoptosis.

In conclusion, our study reports higher levels of miR-21 in gastric adenocarcinoma, and we discuss the possible role of miR-21 in regulating MGC803 cell apoptosis. Our study supports the potential for miR-21 as a marker for early diagnosis and target treatment for gastric adenocarcinoma.