Mai-Juan Ma1, Guo-Lin Wang1, Benjamin D Anderson2, Zhen-Qiang Bi3,4, Bing Lu5, Xian-Jun Wang3,4, Chuang-Xin Wang6, Shan-Hui Chen5, Yan-Hua Qian5, Shao-Xia Song3,4, Min Li6, John A Lednicky7, Teng Zhao1, Meng-Na Wu1, Wu-Chun Cao1, Gregory C Gray2,8,9. 1. State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, China. 2. Global Health Institute, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina. 3. Shandong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 4. Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan. 5. Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi. 6. Licheng District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China. 7. Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville. 8. Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China. 9. Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.
Abstract
Background: Our understanding of influenza A virus transmission between humans and pigs is limited. Methods: Beginning in 2015, we used a One Health approach and serial sampling to prospectively study 299 swine workers and 100 controls, their 9000 pigs, and 6 pig farm environments in China for influenza A viruses (IAVs) using molecular, culture, and immunological techniques. Study participants were closely monitored for influenza-like illness (ILI) events. Results: Upon enrollment, swine workers had higher serum neutralizing antibody titers against swine H1N1 and higher nasal wash total immunoglobulin A (IgA) and specific IgA titers against swine H1N1 and H3N2 viruses. Over a period of 12 months, IAVs were detected by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction in 46 of 396 (11.6%) environmental swabs, 235 of 3300 (7.1%) pig oral secretion, 23 of 396 (5.8%) water, 20 of 396 (5.1%) aerosol, and 19 of 396 (4.8%) fecal-slurry specimens. Five of 32 (15.6%) participants with ILI events had nasopharyngeal swab specimens that were positive for IAV, and 17 (53.1%) demonstrated 4-fold rises in neutralization titers against a swine virus. Reassorted Eurasian avian-lineage H1N1, A(H1N1)pdm09-like, and swine-lineage H3N2 viruses were identified in pig farms. The A(H1N1)pdm09-like H1N1 viruses identified in swine were nearly genetically identical to the human H1N1 viruses isolated from the participants with ILI. Conclusions: There was considerable evidence of A(H1N1)pdm09-like, swine-lineage H1N1, and swine-lineage H3N2 viruses circulating, likely reassorting, and likely crossing species within the pig farms. These data suggest that stronger surveillance for novel influenza virus emergence within swine farms is imperative.
Background: Our understanding of influenza A virus transmission between humans and pigs is limited. Methods: Beginning in 2015, we used a One Health approach and serial sampling to prospectively study 299 swine workers and 100 controls, their 9000 pigs, and 6 pig farm environments in China for influenza A viruses (IAVs) using molecular, culture, and immunological techniques. Study participants were closely monitored for influenza-like illness (ILI) events. Results: Upon enrollment, swine workers had higher serum neutralizing antibody titers against swineH1N1 and higher nasal wash total immunoglobulin A (IgA) and specific IgA titers against swineH1N1 and H3N2 viruses. Over a period of 12 months, IAVs were detected by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction in 46 of 396 (11.6%) environmental swabs, 235 of 3300 (7.1%) pig oral secretion, 23 of 396 (5.8%) water, 20 of 396 (5.1%) aerosol, and 19 of 396 (4.8%) fecal-slurry specimens. Five of 32 (15.6%) participants with ILI events had nasopharyngeal swab specimens that were positive for IAV, and 17 (53.1%) demonstrated 4-fold rises in neutralization titers against a swine virus. Reassorted Eurasian avian-lineage H1N1, A(H1N1)pdm09-like, and swine-lineage H3N2 viruses were identified in pig farms. The A(H1N1)pdm09-like H1N1 viruses identified in swine were nearly genetically identical to the humanH1N1 viruses isolated from the participants with ILI. Conclusions: There was considerable evidence of A(H1N1)pdm09-like, swine-lineage H1N1, and swine-lineage H3N2 viruses circulating, likely reassorting, and likely crossing species within the pig farms. These data suggest that stronger surveillance for novel influenza virus emergence within swine farms is imperative.
Authors: Sarah E Forgie; Julia Keenliside; Craig Wilkinson; Richard Webby; Patricia Lu; Ole Sorensen; Kevin Fonseca; Subrata Barman; Adam Rubrum; Evelyn Stigger; Thomas J Marrie; Frank Marshall; Donald W Spady; Jia Hu; Mark Loeb; Margaret L Russell; Lorne A Babiuk Journal: Clin Infect Dis Date: 2011-01-01 Impact factor: 9.079
Authors: D Vijaykrishna; L L M Poon; H C Zhu; S K Ma; O T W Li; C L Cheung; G J D Smith; J S M Peiris; Y Guan Journal: Science Date: 2010-06-18 Impact factor: 47.728
Authors: Rebekah S Schicker; John Rossow; Seth Eckel; Nicolas Fisher; Sally Bidol; Lilith Tatham; Janice Matthews-Greer; Kevin Sohner; Andrew S Bowman; James Avrill; Tony Forshey; Lenee Blanton; C Todd Davis; John Schiltz; Susan Skorupski; LaShondra Berman; Yunho Jang; Joseph S Bresee; Stephen Lindstrom; Susan C Trock; David Wentworth; Alicia M Fry; Sietske de Fijter; Kimberly Signs; Mary DiOrio; Sonja J Olsen; Matthew Biggerstaff Journal: MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep Date: 2016-10-28 Impact factor: 17.586
Authors: Zvonimir Poljak; Catherine E Dewey; S Wayne Martin; Jette Christensen; Susy Carman; Robert M Friendship Journal: Can J Vet Res Date: 2008-01 Impact factor: 1.310
Authors: Martha I Nelson; Cécile Viboud; Amy L Vincent; Marie R Culhane; Susan E Detmer; David E Wentworth; Andrew Rambaut; Marc A Suchard; Edward C Holmes; Philippe Lemey Journal: Nat Commun Date: 2015-03-27 Impact factor: 14.919
Authors: Bryan S Kaplan; J Brian Kimble; Jennifer Chang; Tavis K Anderson; Phillip C Gauger; Alicia Janas-Martindale; Mary Lea Killian; Andrew S Bowman; Amy L Vincent Journal: J Virol Date: 2020-07-30 Impact factor: 5.103
Authors: Kim M Pepin; Matthew W Hopken; Susan A Shriner; Erica Spackman; Zaid Abdo; Colin Parrish; Steven Riley; James O Lloyd-Smith; Antoinette J Piaggio Journal: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci Date: 2019-08-12 Impact factor: 6.237
Authors: Genyan Yang; Erin N Hodges; Jörn Winter; Natosha Zanders; Svetlana Shcherbik; Tatiana Bousse; Janna R Murray; A K M Muraduzzaman; Mahbubur Rahman; A S M Alamgir; Meerjady Sabrina Flora; Lenee Blanton; John R Barnes; David E Wentworth; C Todd Davis Journal: J Clin Microbiol Date: 2020-05-26 Impact factor: 5.948