Jing Gao1,2, Johnson Chen1, Michael O'Dell3, Pai-Chi Li4, Wen He5, Li-Juan Du5, Jonathan M Rubin6, William Weitzel7, Robert Min1. 1. Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA. 2. Rocky Vista University, Ivins, Utah, USA. 3. Department of Rehabilitation Medicine , Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA. 4. Electrical Engineering College, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. 5. Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. 6. Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. 7. Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to assess the feasibility of ultrasound strain imaging in characterizing the biceps brachii muscle in chronic poststroke spasticity. METHODS: We prospectively analyzed strain imaging data from bilateral biceps brachii muscles in 8 healthy volunteers and 7 patients with poststroke chronic spasticity. Axial deformations of the biceps brachii muscle and overlying subcutaneous tissue were produced by external compression using a sandbag (1.0 kg) attached to a transducer. The lengthening and shortening of the biceps brachii muscle and subcutaneous tissue were produced by manual passive elbow extension (from 90° to 0°) and flexion (from 0° to 90°), respectively. We used offline 2-dimensional speckle tracking to estimate axial and longitudinal strain ratios (biceps brachii strain/subcutaneous tissue strain), and the longitudinal tissue velocity of the biceps brachii muscle. Statistical analyses included analysis of variance for testing differences in strain imaging parameters among healthy, nonspastic, and spastic biceps brachii muscles, the Bonferroni correction for further testing differences in US strain imaging among paired groups (healthy versus spastic, nonspastic versus spastic, and healthy versus nonspastic), and the Pearson correlation coefficient for assessing the intraobserver reliability of performing strain imaging in stroke survivors. RESULTS: The differences in strain imaging parameters between healthy and spastic and between nonspastic and spastic biceps brachii muscles were significant at both 90° elbow flexion and maximal elbow extension (P < .01). There was no significant difference in axial strain ratios at 90° of elbow flexion or longitudinal tissue velocities between healthy and nonspastic muscles (P > .05). The intraobserver reliability of performing strain imaging in stroke survivors was good (r = 0.85; P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound strain imaging seems to be feasible for characterizing the biceps brachii muscle in chronic poststroke spasticity.
OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to assess the feasibility of ultrasound strain imaging in characterizing the biceps brachii muscle in chronic poststroke spasticity. METHODS: We prospectively analyzed strain imaging data from bilateral biceps brachii muscles in 8 healthy volunteers and 7 patients with poststroke chronic spasticity. Axial deformations of the biceps brachii muscle and overlying subcutaneous tissue were produced by external compression using a sandbag (1.0 kg) attached to a transducer. The lengthening and shortening of the biceps brachii muscle and subcutaneous tissue were produced by manual passive elbow extension (from 90° to 0°) and flexion (from 0° to 90°), respectively. We used offline 2-dimensional speckle tracking to estimate axial and longitudinal strain ratios (biceps brachii strain/subcutaneous tissue strain), and the longitudinal tissue velocity of the biceps brachii muscle. Statistical analyses included analysis of variance for testing differences in strain imaging parameters among healthy, nonspastic, and spastic biceps brachii muscles, the Bonferroni correction for further testing differences in US strain imaging among paired groups (healthy versus spastic, nonspastic versus spastic, and healthy versus nonspastic), and the Pearson correlation coefficient for assessing the intraobserver reliability of performing strain imaging in stroke survivors. RESULTS: The differences in strain imaging parameters between healthy and spastic and between nonspastic and spastic biceps brachii muscles were significant at both 90° elbow flexion and maximal elbow extension (P < .01). There was no significant difference in axial strain ratios at 90° of elbow flexion or longitudinal tissue velocities between healthy and nonspastic muscles (P > .05). The intraobserver reliability of performing strain imaging in stroke survivors was good (r = 0.85; P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound strain imaging seems to be feasible for characterizing the biceps brachii muscle in chronic poststroke spasticity.