Ayse L Mindikoglu1,2, Antone R Opekun3,4, William E Mitch5, Laurence S Magder6, Robert H Christenson7, Thomas C Dowling8, Matthew R Weir9, Stephen L Seliger9, Charles D Howell10, Jean-Pierre Raufman11, Abbas Rana12, John A Goss12, Saira A Khaderi12, John M Vierling12,3. 1. Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, 6620 Main Street, Suite 1450, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. Ayse.Mindikoglu@bcm.edu. 2. Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. Ayse.Mindikoglu@bcm.edu. 3. Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. 4. Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. 5. Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. 6. Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. 7. Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. 8. College of Pharmacy, Ferris State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA. 9. Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. 10. Department of Medicine, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA. 11. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and VA Maryland Health Care System, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. 12. Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, 6620 Main Street, Suite 1450, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Lower serum Cr levels in women as compared to men result in underestimation of renal dysfunction and lower model for end-stage liver disease-sodium scores leading to reduced access to liver transplantation in women compared to men with comparable hepatic dysfunction. AIM: The aim of this study was to determine the gender differences in serum Cr, cystatin C, and other endogenous glomerular filtration rate (GFR) biomarkers, measured and estimated GFR, Cr clearance, and Cr production rates. METHODS: We measured GFR by iothalamate plasma clearance in 103 patients with cirrhosis and assessed gender differences in GFR, Cr clearance and production rate, serum Cr, cystatin C and other endogenous GFR biomarkers including beta-trace protein, beta-2 microglobulin, and dimethylarginines. RESULTS: Comparison of men and women showed significantly lower values for mean serum Cr (0.97 vs. 0.82 mg/dl, P = 0.023), and Cr production rate (13.37 vs. 11.02 mg/kg/day, P = 0.022). In contrast to the serum Cr and Cr production rate, men and women exhibited no significant differences in the means of serum cystatin C and other GFR biomarkers, measured GFR, GFR estimated using Cr-cystatin C GFR equation for cirrhosis, measured and estimated Cr clearances. After controlling for age, race, weight, height, and GFR, female gender remained associated with lower serum Cr levels (P = 0.003). Serum cystatin C levels were not associated with gender, age, race, weight, height, C-reactive protein, and history of hypothyroidism. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that cystatin C and endogenous GFR biomarkers other than Cr, measured GFR, GFR estimated by Cr-cystatin C GFR equation for cirrhosis, measured and estimated Cr clearance minimized between-gender biases in accounting for renal function in patients with cirrhosis. Therefore, serum cystatin C should be measured as a complementary test to serum Cr when renal function is assessed in patients with cirrhosis, particularly in women and those with sarcopenia.
BACKGROUND: Lower serum Cr levels in women as compared to men result in underestimation of renal dysfunction and lower model for end-stage liver disease-sodium scores leading to reduced access to liver transplantation in women compared to men with comparable hepatic dysfunction. AIM: The aim of this study was to determine the gender differences in serum Cr, cystatin C, and other endogenous glomerular filtration rate (GFR) biomarkers, measured and estimated GFR, Cr clearance, and Cr production rates. METHODS: We measured GFR by iothalamate plasma clearance in 103 patients with cirrhosis and assessed gender differences in GFR, Cr clearance and production rate, serum Cr, cystatin C and other endogenous GFR biomarkers including beta-trace protein, beta-2 microglobulin, and dimethylarginines. RESULTS: Comparison of men and women showed significantly lower values for mean serum Cr (0.97 vs. 0.82 mg/dl, P = 0.023), and Cr production rate (13.37 vs. 11.02 mg/kg/day, P = 0.022). In contrast to the serum Cr and Cr production rate, men and women exhibited no significant differences in the means of serum cystatin C and other GFR biomarkers, measured GFR, GFR estimated using Cr-cystatin C GFR equation for cirrhosis, measured and estimated Cr clearances. After controlling for age, race, weight, height, and GFR, female gender remained associated with lower serum Cr levels (P = 0.003). Serum cystatin C levels were not associated with gender, age, race, weight, height, C-reactive protein, and history of hypothyroidism. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that cystatin C and endogenous GFR biomarkers other than Cr, measured GFR, GFR estimated by Cr-cystatin C GFR equation for cirrhosis, measured and estimated Cr clearance minimized between-gender biases in accounting for renal function in patients with cirrhosis. Therefore, serum cystatin C should be measured as a complementary test to serum Cr when renal function is assessed in patients with cirrhosis, particularly in women and those with sarcopenia.
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