Martin J B Taphoorn1,2, Linda Dirven1,2, Andrew A Kanner3, Gitit Lavy-Shahaf4, Uri Weinberg4, Sophie Taillibert5, Steven A Toms6, Jerome Honnorat7, Thomas C Chen8, Jan Sroubek9, Carlos David10, Ahmed Idbaih5, Jacob C Easaw11, Chae-Yong Kim12, Jordi Bruna13, Andreas F Hottinger14, Yvonne Kew15, Patrick Roth16, Rajiv Desai17, John L Villano18, Eilon D Kirson4, Zvi Ram19, Roger Stupp20,21. 1. Department of Neurology, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands. 2. Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. 3. Department of Neurosurgery, Rabin Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. 4. Research and Development, Novocure, Haifa, Switzerland. 5. Department of Neurology 2, Salpêtrière University Hospital, Assistance Public Hôpitaux de Paris, L'Université Pierre et Marie Curie University, Paris VI University, Paris, France. 6. Department of Neurosurgery, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania. 7. Department of Neuro-oncology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon, Lyon, France. 8. Department of Neurosurgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles. 9. Department of Neurosurgery, Na Homolce Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic. 10. Department of Neurosurgery, Lahey Clinic, Burlington, Massachusetts. 11. Department of Medical Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, California. 12. Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Bundang, Korea. 13. Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain. 14. Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland. 15. Clinical Neuro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Internal Medicine, Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas. 16. Department of Neurology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. 17. Neurosurgery and Spine Association, Maine Medical Center, Scarborough, Maine. 18. Clinical Neuro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington. 19. Department of Neurosurgery, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. 20. Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois. 21. Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
Abstract
IMPORTANCE: Tumor-treating fields (TTFields) therapy improves both progression-free and overall survival in patients with glioblastoma. There is a need to assess the influence of TTFields on patients' health-related quality of life (HRQoL). OBJECTIVE: To examine the association of TTFields therapy with progression-free survival and HRQoL among patients with glioblastoma. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This secondary analysis of EF-14, a phase 3 randomized clinical trial, compares TTFields and temozolomide or temozolomide alone in 695 patients with glioblastoma after completion of radiochemotherapy. Patients with glioblastoma were randomized 2:1 to combined treatment with TTFields and temozolomide or temozolomide alone. The study was conducted from July 2009 until November 2014, and patients were followed up through December 2016. INTERVENTIONS: Temozolomide, 150 to 200 mg/m2/d, was given for 5 days during each 28-day cycle. TTFields were delivered continuously via 4 transducer arrays placed on the shaved scalp of patients and were connected to a portable medical device. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Primary study end point was progression-free survival; HRQoL was a predefined secondary end point, measured with questionnaires at baseline and every 3 months thereafter. Mean changes from baseline scores were evaluated, as well as scores over time. Deterioration-free survival and time to deterioration were assessed for each of 9 preselected scales and items. RESULTS: Of the 695 patients in the study, 639 (91.9%) completed the baseline HRQoL questionnaire. Of these patients, 437 (68.4%) were men; mean (SD) age, 54.8 (11.5) years. Health-related quality of life did not differ significantly between treatment arms except for itchy skin. Deterioration-free survival was significantly longer with TTFields for global health (4.8 vs 3.3 months; P < .01); physical (5.1 vs 3.7 months; P < .01) and emotional functioning (5.3 vs 3.9 months; P < .01); pain (5.6 vs 3.6 months; P < .01); and leg weakness (5.6 vs 3.9 months; P < .01), likely related to improved progression-free survival. Time to deterioration, reflecting the influence of treatment, did not differ significantly except for itchy skin (TTFields worse; 8.2 vs 14.4 months; P < .001) and pain (TTFields improved; 13.4 vs 12.1 months; P < .01). Role, social, and physical functioning were not affected by TTFields. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The addition of TTFields to standard treatment with temozolomide for patients with glioblastoma results in improved survival without a negative influence on HRQoL except for more itchy skin, an expected consequence from the transducer arrays. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00916409.
IMPORTANCE: Tumor-treating fields (TTFields) therapy improves both progression-free and overall survival in patients with glioblastoma. There is a need to assess the influence of TTFields on patients' health-related quality of life (HRQoL). OBJECTIVE: To examine the association of TTFields therapy with progression-free survival and HRQoL among patients with glioblastoma. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This secondary analysis of EF-14, a phase 3 randomized clinical trial, compares TTFields and temozolomide or temozolomide alone in 695 patients with glioblastoma after completion of radiochemotherapy. Patients with glioblastoma were randomized 2:1 to combined treatment with TTFields and temozolomide or temozolomide alone. The study was conducted from July 2009 until November 2014, and patients were followed up through December 2016. INTERVENTIONS: Temozolomide, 150 to 200 mg/m2/d, was given for 5 days during each 28-day cycle. TTFields were delivered continuously via 4 transducer arrays placed on the shaved scalp of patients and were connected to a portable medical device. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Primary study end point was progression-free survival; HRQoL was a predefined secondary end point, measured with questionnaires at baseline and every 3 months thereafter. Mean changes from baseline scores were evaluated, as well as scores over time. Deterioration-free survival and time to deterioration were assessed for each of 9 preselected scales and items. RESULTS: Of the 695 patients in the study, 639 (91.9%) completed the baseline HRQoL questionnaire. Of these patients, 437 (68.4%) were men; mean (SD) age, 54.8 (11.5) years. Health-related quality of life did not differ significantly between treatment arms except for itchy skin. Deterioration-free survival was significantly longer with TTFields for global health (4.8 vs 3.3 months; P < .01); physical (5.1 vs 3.7 months; P < .01) and emotional functioning (5.3 vs 3.9 months; P < .01); pain (5.6 vs 3.6 months; P < .01); and leg weakness (5.6 vs 3.9 months; P < .01), likely related to improved progression-free survival. Time to deterioration, reflecting the influence of treatment, did not differ significantly except for itchy skin (TTFields worse; 8.2 vs 14.4 months; P < .001) and pain (TTFields improved; 13.4 vs 12.1 months; P < .01). Role, social, and physical functioning were not affected by TTFields. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The addition of TTFields to standard treatment with temozolomide for patients with glioblastoma results in improved survival without a negative influence on HRQoL except for more itchy skin, an expected consequence from the transducer arrays. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00916409.
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