Antiphospholipid syndrome, "the best prophet of the future".

The antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the occurrence of venous and arterial thromboses, often multiple, and obstetric-related adverse events in the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). APS, first described in 1983, as thrombosis, abortion and cerebral disease, is nowadays recognised as a systemic disease with a wide constellation of clinical manifestations related to acute and chronic vascular lesions. The presence of aPL is the serological hallmark of APS representing a heterogeneous population of autoantibodies with many antigenic specificities directed to phospholipid-binding proteins, either alone or in combination with phospholipids. Many assays have been developed for aPL detection. Particularly, anticardiolipin antibodies, anti-β2-glycoprotein I antibodies and lupus anticoagulant are essential tools for APS diagnosis. The cumulative evidence indicates that aPL are pathogenic autoantibodies binding to target cells and promoting thrombosis and pregnancy complications through a wide range of pathological mechanisms not yet fully understood. Finally, the recognition of the important role of aPL to assess the individual risk of thrombosis or pregnancy complications has expanded the concept of aPL, and currently aPL profile is regarded as a major risk factor for clinical thrombotic events.