Alison Holmes1, Mark Holmes2, Thomas Gottlieb3, Lance B Price4, Arnfinn Sundsfjord5. 1. Department of Infectious Diseases and the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, UK. 2. Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK. 3. Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia. 4. Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington DC, US. 5. Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø -The Arctic University of Norway.