Charlotte Probst1,2, Jakob Manthey2, Aaron Merey1, Margaret Rylett1, Jürgen Rehm1,2,3,4,5,6,7. 1. Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada. 2. Institute for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany. 3. Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada. 4. PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centre for Mental Health and Addiction, Toronto, ON, Canada. 5. Institute of Medical Science (IMS), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. 6. Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. 7. Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Alcohol use is among the most important risk factors for burden of disease globally. An estimated quarter of the total alcohol consumed globally is unrecorded. However, due partly to the challenges associated with its assessment, evidence concerning the magnitude of unrecorded alcohol use is sparse. This study estimated country-specific proportions of unrecorded alcohol used in 2015. DESIGN: A statistical model was developed for data prediction using data on the country-specific proportion of unrecorded alcohol use from nominal group expert assessments and secondary, nationally representative survey data and country-level covariates. SETTING: Estimates were calculated for the country level, for four income groups and globally. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 129 participants from 49 countries were included in the nominal group expert assessments. The survey data comprised 66 538 participants from 16 countries. MEASUREMENTS: Experts completed a standardized questionnaire assessing the country-specific proportion of unrecorded alcohol. In the national surveys, the number of standard drinks of total and unrecorded alcohol use was assessed for the past 7 days. FINDINGS: Based on predictions for 167 countries, a population-weighted average of 27.9% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 10.4-44.9%] of the total alcohol consumed in 2015 was unrecorded. The proportion of unrecorded alcohol was lower in high (9.4%, 95% CI = 2.4-16.4%) and upper middle-income countries (18.3%, 95% CI = 9.0-27.6%) and higher in low (43.1%, 95% CI = 26.5-59.7%) and lower middle-income countries (54.4%, 95% CI = 38.1-70.8%). This corresponded to 0.9 (high-income), 1.2 (upper middle-income), 3.2 (lower middle-income) and 1.8 (low-income) litres of unrecorded alcohol per capita. CONCLUSIONS: A new method for modelling the country-level proportion of unrecorded alcohol use globally showed strong variation among geographical regions and income groups. Lower-income countries were associated with a higher proportion of unrecorded alcohol than higher-income countries.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Alcohol use is among the most important risk factors for burden of disease globally. An estimated quarter of the total alcohol consumed globally is unrecorded. However, due partly to the challenges associated with its assessment, evidence concerning the magnitude of unrecorded alcohol use is sparse. This study estimated country-specific proportions of unrecorded alcohol used in 2015. DESIGN: A statistical model was developed for data prediction using data on the country-specific proportion of unrecorded alcohol use from nominal group expert assessments and secondary, nationally representative survey data and country-level covariates. SETTING: Estimates were calculated for the country level, for four income groups and globally. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 129 participants from 49 countries were included in the nominal group expert assessments. The survey data comprised 66 538 participants from 16 countries. MEASUREMENTS: Experts completed a standardized questionnaire assessing the country-specific proportion of unrecorded alcohol. In the national surveys, the number of standard drinks of total and unrecorded alcohol use was assessed for the past 7 days. FINDINGS: Based on predictions for 167 countries, a population-weighted average of 27.9% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 10.4-44.9%] of the total alcohol consumed in 2015 was unrecorded. The proportion of unrecorded alcohol was lower in high (9.4%, 95% CI = 2.4-16.4%) and upper middle-income countries (18.3%, 95% CI = 9.0-27.6%) and higher in low (43.1%, 95% CI = 26.5-59.7%) and lower middle-income countries (54.4%, 95% CI = 38.1-70.8%). This corresponded to 0.9 (high-income), 1.2 (upper middle-income), 3.2 (lower middle-income) and 1.8 (low-income) litres of unrecorded alcohol per capita. CONCLUSIONS: A new method for modelling the country-level proportion of unrecorded alcohol use globally showed strong variation among geographical regions and income groups. Lower-income countries were associated with a higher proportion of unrecorded alcohol than higher-income countries.
Authors: Amanda P Miller; Steven Shoptaw; Rufaro Mvududu; Nyiko Mashele; Thomas J Coates; Linda-Gail Bekker; Zaynab Essack; Candice Groenewald; Zaino Petersen; Pamina M Gorbach; Landon Myer; Dvora L Joseph Davey Journal: AIDS Behav Date: 2022-06-23
Authors: Jürgen Rehm; Maria Neufeld; Robin Room; Bundit Sornpaisarn; Mindaugas Štelemėkas; Monica H Swahn; Dirk W Lachenmeier Journal: Int J Drug Policy Date: 2021-08-27
Authors: Charlotte Probst; Alexandra Fleischmann; Gerhard Gmel; Vladimir Poznyak; Dag Rekve; Leanne Riley; Margaret Rylett; Kevin D Shield; Jürgen Rehm Journal: J Glob Health Date: 2019-06 Impact factor: 4.413
Authors: Charlotte Probst; Jakob Manthey; Maria Neufeld; Jürgen Rehm; João Breda; Ivo Rakovac; And Carina Ferreira-Borges Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2020-05-14 Impact factor: 3.390