Haikang Zeng1, Yang Liu1, Xiaojun Xia1, Jin Li2, Jianxing He1. 1. Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China. 2. State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Currently, the prognosis of lobectomy and sub-lobectomy for the treatment of stage Ia small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is rarely reported. We retrospectively studied T1N0M0 (≤3 cm) SCLC patients aged ≥60 years, aiming to comparatively analyze the prognosis of lobectomy and sub-lobectomy in treating patients with Ia SCLC. METHODS: Patients with stage Ia SCLC diagnosed by pathologic between 1992 and 2010 were selected from the "Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database"(SEER). Outcome data were compared using Kaplan-Meier (Log-rank test) and Cox model multivariate analysis. RESULTS: We identified 515 patients. Median overall survival (OS) of the lobectomy (n=110), sublobar resection (n=57) and non-surgical (n=348) cohort were 45, 23 and 16 months, respectively. The corresponding 5-year OS of the three groups were 44%, 30%, and 14%, respectively. No significant difference in the prognosis of patients with or without lymph node examination/ dissection (P=0.107) and the 5-year OS of patients underwent lobectomy with chemoradiation was 50%. Cox multivariable analysis showed that operation treatment, including lobectomy and sublobectomy, was one of the independent factors associated with the prognosis of early SCLC patients, and patients undergo lobectomy shows a better OS compared with sublobar resection (Lob vs Sub, HR=0.645; 95%CI: 0.433-0.961, P=0.031). CONCLUSIONS: For age ≥60 years T1N0M0 (≤3 cm) SCLC patients, we recommend anatomical lobectomy combined with adjuvant chemoradiation.
BACKGROUND: Currently, the prognosis of lobectomy and sub-lobectomy for the treatment of stage Ia small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is rarely reported. We retrospectively studied T1N0M0 (≤3 cm) SCLCpatients aged ≥60 years, aiming to comparatively analyze the prognosis of lobectomy and sub-lobectomy in treating patients with Ia SCLC. METHODS:Patients with stage Ia SCLC diagnosed by pathologic between 1992 and 2010 were selected from the "Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database"(SEER). Outcome data were compared using Kaplan-Meier (Log-rank test) and Cox model multivariate analysis. RESULTS: We identified 515 patients. Median overall survival (OS) of the lobectomy (n=110), sublobar resection (n=57) and non-surgical (n=348) cohort were 45, 23 and 16 months, respectively. The corresponding 5-year OS of the three groups were 44%, 30%, and 14%, respectively. No significant difference in the prognosis of patients with or without lymph node examination/ dissection (P=0.107) and the 5-year OS of patients underwent lobectomy with chemoradiation was 50%. Cox multivariable analysis showed that operation treatment, including lobectomy and sublobectomy, was one of the independent factors associated with the prognosis of early SCLCpatients, and patients undergo lobectomy shows a better OS compared with sublobar resection (Lob vs Sub, HR=0.645; 95%CI: 0.433-0.961, P=0.031). CONCLUSIONS: For age ≥60 years T1N0M0 (≤3 cm) SCLCpatients, we recommend anatomical lobectomy combined with adjuvant chemoradiation.
通过美国国立癌症研究所“监测、流行病学和结果数据库(Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database, SEER)”数据库,使用SEER*Stat8.3.4软件检索该数据库,获取SCLC的临床病理特征资料及相关预后信息。本研究最终纳入1992年1月-2010年12月,共515例SCLC患者。纳入标准:(1)病理证实T1N0 SCLC(≤3 cm);(2)年龄≥60岁;(3)存在一个原发性恶性病变[按照国际肺癌研究协会(International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, IASLC)第7版TNM分期标准,pT1N0M0]。根据SEER数据库,获取了以下信息:患者基本信息(年龄、性别、种族)、肿瘤相关特征(大小及位置)、淋巴结检查、放化疗、外科手术治疗及预后情况。总队列中,将患者分为肺叶切除(Lob)、亚肺叶切除(Sub)和非手术队列(Non-surgical)。在手术(肺叶+亚肺叶切除)队列中,首先根据是否行淋巴结采样/清扫分为2个亚组(是:n=99;否:n=43);然后根据术后有无放化疗分为4个亚组:肺叶切除加放化疗组(Lob+CR, n=59)、单独行肺叶切除组(Lob, n=51)、亚肺叶切除加放化疗组(Sub+CR, n=35)、单独行亚肺叶切除组(Sub, n=22)。
研究结果及随访
本研究的终止日期为2013年12月31日,总生存期(overall survival, OS)定义为从确诊SCLC开始,至因任何原因引起死亡的时间间隔;失访或研究终止日期仍存活定义为删失。肺癌特异性生存期(lung cancer specific survival, LCSS)定义为确诊SCLC至肺癌致死的时间间隔;失访或其他死亡原因致死或研究终止日期仍存活则定义为删失。该研究总队列的平均随访时间(median follow-up time, MFT)为36(范围0-120)个月。
Clinical characteristics of 515 patients with stage Ia SCLC[n(%)]
Variable
No (%) of patients
P
Lob (n=110)
Sub (n=57)
Non-surgical (n=348)
Sub: sublobar resection; Lob: lobectomy; SD: standard deviation; ELN: examined lymph node; MFT: mean follow-up time.
Age (Mean±SD, yr)
70±6
74±6
72±7
0.002
Age group (yr)
0.009
60-74
84 (76.4)
33 (57.9)
213 (61.2)
75
26 (23.6)
24 (42.1)
135 (38.8)
Gender
0.600
Male
55 (50.0)
24 (42.1)
160 (46.0)
Female
55 (50.0)
33 (57.9)
188 (54.0)
Race
0.120
White
97 (88. 2)
54 (94.7)
296 (85.1)
Black/other
5/8 (11.8)
1/2 (5.3)
33/19 (14.9)
Location
0.019
Upper
63 (57.3)
31 (54.4)
216 (62.1)
Middle
15 (13.6)
3 (5.3)
17 (4.9)
Lower
32 (29.1)
23 (40.3)
115 (33.0)
Tumor size (cm)
< 0.001
≤2
62 (56.4)
46 (80.7)
162 (46.6)
2-3
48 (43.6)
11 (19.3)
186 (53.4)
ELN count
< 0.001
None/unknown
11/22 (29.7)
32/4 (63.2)
334/14 (97.5)
≥1
78 (70.3)
21 (36.8)
9 (2.5)
Radiation
< 0.001
No/unknown
96/1 (88.2)
47/1 (84.2)
153/9 (46.6)
Yes
13 (11.8)
9 (15.8)
186 (53.4)
Chemotherapy
0.003
No/unknown
51 (46.4)
22 (38.6)
102 (29.3)
Yes
59 (53.6)
35 (61.4)
246 (70.7)
MFT (mo)
58
48
26
< 0.001
515例Ia期SCLC患者的临床特征[n(%)]Clinical characteristics of 515 patients with stage Ia SCLC[n(%)]
总队列的OS及LCSS
本研究中肺叶切除组、亚肺叶切除组、和非手术治疗组的中位OS分别为45个月、23个月和16个月,该三组相应的5年OS分别为44%、30%和14%(Lob vs Sub,χ2=4.851,P=0.028;Sub vs non-surgical,χ2=6.529,P=0.011;图 1A)。中位LCSS在肺叶切除组、亚肺叶切除组、和非手术治疗组中分别为65个月、29个月和18个月,该三组相应的5年LCSS分别为55%、41%和21%(Lob vs Sub,χ2=2.694,P=0.101;Sub vs non-surgical,χ2=8.617,P=0.003;图 1B)。
1
Ia期SCLC患者肺叶切除组、亚肺叶切除组及非手术组的生存曲线. A:OS曲线(Lob vs Sub, χ2=4.851, P=0.028; Sub vs non-surgical, χ2=6.529, P=0.011);B:LCSS曲线(Lob vs Sub, χ2=2.694, P=0.101; Sub vs non-surgical, χ2=8.617, P=0.003)。
Kaplan-Meier survival curves between stage Ia SCLC patients with Lob, Sub and non-surgical cohort. A: OS curve (Lob vs Sub, χ2=4.851, P=0.028; Sub vs non-surgical, χ2=6.529, P=0.011); B: LCSS curve (Lob vs Sub, χ2=2.694, P=0.101; Sub vs non-surgical, χ2=8.617, P=0.003).
Ia期SCLC患者肺叶切除组、亚肺叶切除组及非手术组的生存曲线. A:OS曲线(Lob vs Sub, χ2=4.851, P=0.028; Sub vs non-surgical, χ2=6.529, P=0.011);B:LCSS曲线(Lob vs Sub, χ2=2.694, P=0.101; Sub vs non-surgical, χ2=8.617, P=0.003)。Kaplan-Meier survival curves between stage Ia SCLCpatients with Lob, Sub and non-surgical cohort. A: OS curve (Lob vs Sub, χ2=4.851, P=0.028; Sub vs non-surgical, χ2=6.529, P=0.011); B: LCSS curve (Lob vs Sub, χ2=2.694, P=0.101; Sub vs non-surgical, χ2=8.617, P=0.003).
Kaplan-Meier survival curves between stage Ia SCLC patients with and without ELN in the surgery cohort. A: OS curve (with vs without, χ2=2.600, P=0.107); B: LCSS curve (with vs without, χ2=0.275, P=0.600).
手术队列中淋巴结检查组与对照组的生存曲线。A:OS曲线(有vs无,χ2=2.600,P=0.107);B:LCSS曲线(有vs无, χ2=0.275, P=0.600)。Kaplan-Meier survival curves between stage Ia SCLCpatients with and without ELN in the surgery cohort. A: OS curve (with vs without, χ2=2.600, P=0.107); B: LCSS curve (with vs without, χ2=0.275, P=0.600).
术后联合放化疗(CR)比较
总共167例患者被分为以下几组:肺叶切除+放化疗组(Lob+CR, n=59)、单独肺叶切除组(Lob, n=51)、亚肺叶切除+放化疗组(Sub+CR, n=35)、单独亚肺叶切除组(Sub, n=22)。该四组的中位OS分别为未定义、29个月、25个月和19.5个月;该四组5年OS分别为:50%、36%、37%和17%(Lob+CR vs Lob,χ2=4.210,P=0.040;Lob vs Sub+CR,χ2=0.094,P=0.759;Sub+CR vs Sub,χ2=4.091,P=0.043;图 3A)。中位LCSS在肺叶切除+放化疗组、单独肺叶切除组、亚肺叶切除+放化疗组及单独亚肺叶切除组中分别为122个月、62个月、111个月和19.5个月;四组5年LCSS分别为57%、52%、50%和20%(Lob + CR vs Lob,χ2=2.674,P=0.102;Lob vs Sub+CR,χ2=0.466,P=0.495;Sub+CR vs Sub,χ2=4.936,P=0.026;图 3B)。
3
Ia期SCLC患者肺叶切除+放化疗组、单独肺叶切除组、亚肺叶切除+放化疗组及单独亚肺叶切除组的生存曲线。A:OS曲线(Lob+CR vs Lob, χ2=4.210, P=0.040; Lob vs Sub+CR, χ2=0.094, P=0.759; Sub+CR vs Sub, χ2=4.091, P=0.043);B: LCSS曲线(Lob+CR vs Lob, χ2=2.674, P=0.102; Lob vs Sub+CR, χ2=0.466, P=0.495; Sub+CR vs Sub, χ2=4.936, P=0.02)。
Kaplan-Meier survival curves between stage Ia SCLC patients with Lob+CR, Lob, Sub+CR and Sub cohort. A: OS curve (Lob+CR vs Lob, χ2=4.210, P=0.040; Lob vs Sub+CR, χ2=0.094, P=0.759; Sub+CR vs Sub, χ2=4.091, P=0.043); B: LCSS curve (Lob+CR vs Lob, χ2=2.674, P=0.102; Lob vs Sub+CR, χ2=0.466, P=0.495; Sub+CR vs Sub, χ2=4.936, P=0.02).
Ia期SCLC患者肺叶切除+放化疗组、单独肺叶切除组、亚肺叶切除+放化疗组及单独亚肺叶切除组的生存曲线。A:OS曲线(Lob+CR vs Lob, χ2=4.210, P=0.040; Lob vs Sub+CR, χ2=0.094, P=0.759; Sub+CR vs Sub, χ2=4.091, P=0.043);B: LCSS曲线(Lob+CR vs Lob, χ2=2.674, P=0.102; Lob vs Sub+CR, χ2=0.466, P=0.495; Sub+CR vs Sub, χ2=4.936, P=0.02)。Kaplan-Meier survival curves between stage Ia SCLCpatients with Lob+CR, Lob, Sub+CR and Sub cohort. A: OS curve (Lob+CR vs Lob, χ2=4.210, P=0.040; Lob vs Sub+CR, χ2=0.094, P=0.759; Sub+CR vs Sub, χ2=4.091, P=0.043); B: LCSS curve (Lob+CR vs Lob, χ2=2.674, P=0.102; Lob vs Sub+CR, χ2=0.466, P=0.495; Sub+CR vs Sub, χ2=4.936, P=0.02).
单因素和多因素统计分析
通过Kaplan-Meier法单因素分析显示(表 2):有意义的临床病理因素为年龄、肿瘤大小、淋巴结检查计数、是否手术、放疗、化疗(P < 0.05)。Cox多因素分析表明(表 3):淋巴结检查、手术(肺叶切除/亚肺叶切除)、放化疗是独立的预测预后因素。与亚叶切除术相比,肺叶切除术可改善患者的OS(Lob vs Sub, HR=0.645, 95%CI: 0.433-0.961, P=0.031),但对LCSS并无明显差异(Lob vs Sub, HR=0.703, 95%CI: 0.459-1.078, P=0.106)。
2
Ia期SCLC患者总生存和肺癌特异性生存的单变量分析
Univariate analysis of overall survival and lung cancer specific survival for Ia SCLC
Multivariate analysis of overall survival and lung cancer specific survival for Ia SCLC
Variables
Multivariate analysis
Overall survival
Lung cancer specific survival
Hazard ratio (95%CI)
P
Hazard ratio (95%CI)
P
Age (yr)
0.196
0.203
60-74
1.00 (reference)
1.00 (reference)
75
1.155 (0.928-1.437)
1.164 (0.921-1.472)
Gender
0.229
0.476
Male
1.00 (reference)
1.00 (reference)
Female
0.885 (0.725 to 1.080)
0.925 (0.747-1.146)
Race
0.173
0.393
White
1.00 (reference)
1.00 (reference)
Non-white
1.221 (0.916-1.627)
1.145 (0.839 to 1.564)
Location
Upper
1.00 (reference)
1.00 (reference)
Middle
1.385 (0.926-2.070)
0.113
1.229 (0.788-1.916)
0.363
Lower
1.164 (0.938-1.445)
0.168
1.266 (1.006-1.593)
0.044
Tumor size (cm)
0.860
0.076
≤2
1.00 (reference)
1.00 (reference)
2-3
1.108 (0.831-1.247)
1.219 (0.980-1.516)
ELN count
< 0.001
< 0.001
None
1.00 (reference)
1.00 (reference)
≥1
0.516 (0.395-0.674)
0.564 (0.428-0.742)
Surgical Procedure
Non-surgical
1.00 (reference)
1.00 (reference)
Sub
0.499 (0.351-0.708)
< 0.001
0.467 (0.318-0.683)
< 0.001
Lob
0.301 (0.222-0.407)
< 0.001
0.301 (0.218-0.414)
< 0.001
Radiation
< 0.001
< 0.001
No
1.00 (reference)
1.00 (reference)
Yes
0.549 (0.435-0.693)
0.564 (0.439-0.724)
Chemotherapy
0.018
0.021
No/unknown
1.00 (reference)
1.00 (reference)
Yes
0.761 (0.607-0.953)
0.750 (0.588-0.957)
Ia期SCLC患者总生存和肺癌特异性生存的单变量分析Univariate analysis of overall survival and lung cancer specific survival for Ia SCLCIa期SCLC患者总生存和肺癌特异性生存的多变量分析Multivariate analysis of overall survival and lung cancer specific survival for Ia SCLC
讨论
众所周知,SCLC对放化疗敏感,但最终大多数会复发、其预后较其他类型肺癌差。本研究结果发现,对于年龄≥60岁T1N0M0的SCLC患者,肺叶切除的术后生存率明显高于亚肺叶切除(5年OS分别为44%和30%,P=0.028)。在总队列中,手术治疗队列相较于非手术队列能带来更好的预后(非手术队列5年OS仅为:14%)。此外,肺叶切除+辅助放化疗联合的患者生存率最高(5年OS为50%)。结果证实,肺叶切除联合术后放化疗治疗年龄≥60岁、肿瘤大小≤3 cm的SCLC患者的优势显著,而Ia期SCLC手术方案的选择上行亚肺叶切除并不能得到令人满意的结果,其预后较肺叶切除更差(中位OS分别为23个月和45个月,5年OS为30%和44%,P=0.028)。Weksler等[的回顾性研究报道了3, 566例Ⅰ期或Ⅱ期SCLC患者,其结果显示手术患者的术后中位生存期(34个月)明显高于非手术患者(16个月,P < 0.001);肺叶切除或全肺切除组术后的中位生存期为39个月,明显优于楔形切除组患者(28个月,P=0.001),该研究结果与本研究类似。我们认为,亚肺叶切除相较于肺叶切除治疗早期SCLC效果差,主要与SCLC恶性程度高、早期容易转移的特性相关;选择亚肺叶切除术式,虽然能更好地保护患者的肺功能,但可能对肿瘤所在肺叶内的潜在远处转移控制欠佳。针对SCLC侵袭强和早期易转移等特性,选择肺叶切除治疗切除范围更大,尽管较大程度损害了肺功能,但保证了病灶肺叶的完整切除,降低了潜在复发及转移的风险,对患者远期生存更有益。本研究结果显示,亚肺叶切除+术后放化疗组相较于单纯肺叶切除组患者的生存预后,结果无统计学差异(P=0.759),故亚肺叶切除+辅助放化疗是否可改善生存还需进一步验证。有研究证实NSCLC患者行肺叶切除术+淋巴结采样/清扫检查,可改善患者的生存预后[,但本研究的SCLC手术队列中,行淋巴结采样/清扫检查与无淋巴结采样/清扫检查患者相比,预后差异无统计学意义(P=0.107);但Cox多变量分析结果却显示,淋巴结检查是OS和LCSS有益的的独立预后因素(OS: HR=0.516, P < 0.001; LCSS: HR=0.564, P < 0.001)。造成单因素分析无统计学意义的原因,可能在于样本量少及潜在的选择性偏倚有关。最新NCCN指南推荐Ⅰ期SCLC的治疗方式为手术+辅助化疗[,但SCLC选择手术治疗的现状却不尽人意。Wakeam等[研究纳入的9, 740例T1-2期SCLC患者的手术率仅为(23%),其中2/3可手术患者(即符合手术条件患者)未选择手术治疗。这与本研究纳入的Ia期老年SCLC患者的手术治疗率(32%)类似。因此,早期SCLC患者手术治疗率还有较大提升空间。Naidoo等[综述道,胸外科的VATS手术正在高速发展,新技术对比传统开胸手术有更多优点:术后疼痛减轻、住院时间缩短、气体漏出减少、肺炎和房性心律失常降低,同时炎症介质的释放也较开胸手术少,且VATS较于传统开胸手术的无病生存率和整体生存率是相当的。微创胸外科的发展,增加了患者手术机会,手术可选择的术式也随之增加。所以,我们相信未来对于早期SCLC的手术治疗及术式的选择会有更多的关注与改进。本研究中,T1N0M0 SCLC(≤3 cm)在接受肺叶切除术+辅助放化疗的患者5年OS最高(50%),这说明,即使Ia期SCLC,辅助放化疗对其预后也至关重要。这与NSCLC不同,Liang等[在其综述中总结道:NSCLC在Ia期术后进行化疗对于生存率无明显改善,Ib期是否行辅助化疗仍有争议,故一般在可切除的Ia期NSCLC患者术后不推荐行辅助化疗,而辅助放疗在NSCLC中的价值有待证实[。邵为朋等[在对SCLC治疗策略的综述中提到:目前针对SCLC的治疗仍然是延续近30年传统的放化疗为基础的治疗,并展望未来多方式综合治疗(放化疗+靶向治疗+免疫治疗)或许能给SCLC患者带来一线生机。因此,不管Ia期SCLC切除术式如何选择,其术后放化疗的效果也不可忽视。我们期待未来在手术治疗SCLC的基础上,搭配放化疗+靶向治疗+免疫治疗等综合治疗能给患者带来更好的治疗效果。然而,本研究仍存在以下局限。第一,回顾性分析的研究性质;第二,虽然本研究纳入了SEER数据库共515例Ia期SCLC患者,选择亚肺叶切除治疗的这部分早期患者仍存在一定的选择性偏倚;且可能造成此偏倚患者的肺功能、伴随的心血管疾病等信息在SEER数据库中无法获得。第三,本研究纳入的Ia期SCLC患者病例数量仍偏少、术后随访时间较短。总之,本研究通过对比肺叶切除和亚肺叶切除治疗Ia期SCLC的预后分析,结果证实Ia期患者行亚肺叶切除治疗预后较肺叶切除差。针对年龄≥60岁的T1N0M0(≤3 cm)可手术切除SCLC患者,我们建议首选解剖性肺叶切除+辅助放化疗治疗。在新技术快速发展及其带来许多优势前提下,本研究结果的科学性和普遍性还需将来多中心、大样本及前瞻性的临床研究来进一步证实和完善。
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