Marina Gaínza-Lein1,2, Iván Sánchez Fernández1,3, Michele Jackson1, Nicholas S Abend4, Ravindra Arya5, J Nicholas Brenton6, Jessica L Carpenter7, Kevin E Chapman8, William D Gaillard7, Tracy A Glauser5, Joshua L Goldstein9, Howard P Goodkin6, Kush Kapur1, Mohamad A Mikati10, Katrina Peariso5, Robert C Tasker11, Dmitry Tchapyjnikov10, Alexis A Topjian4, Mark S Wainwright9, Angus Wilfong12, Korwyn Williams13,14, Tobias Loddenkemper1. 1. Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. 2. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile. 3. Department of Child Neurology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. 4. Division of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. 5. Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio. 6. Department of Neurology and Pediatrics, The University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville. 7. Department of Epilepsy, Neurophysiology, and Critical Care Neurology, Children's National Health System, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC. 8. Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora. 9. Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois. 10. Division of Pediatric Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina. 11. Division of Critical Care, Departments of Neurology, Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. 12. Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas. 13. Barrows Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix. 14. Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona.
Abstract
Importance: Treatment delay for seizures can lead to longer seizure duration. Whether treatment delay is associated with major adverse outcomes, such as death, remains unknown. Objective: To evaluate whether untimely first-line benzodiazepine treatment is associated with unfavorable short-term outcomes. Design, Setting, and Participants: This multicenter, observational, prospective cohort study included 218 pediatric patients admitted between June 1, 2011, and July 7, 2016, into the 11 tertiary hospitals in the United States within the Pediatric Status Epilepticus Research Group. Patients, ranging in age from 1 month to 21 years, with refractory convulsive status epilepticus (RCSE) that did not stop after the administration of at least 2 antiseizure medications were included. Patients were divided into 2 cohorts: those who received the first-line benzodiazepine treatment in less than 10 minutes and those who received it 10 or more minutes after seizure onset (untimely). Data were collected and analyzed from June 1, 2011, to July 7, 2016. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was death during the related hospital admission. The secondary outcome was the need for continuous infusion for seizure termination. Multivariate analysis of mortality controlled for structural cause, febrile RCSE, age, and previous neurological history (including previous RCSE events). Use of continuous infusions was additionally adjusted for generalized RCSE, continuous RCSE, and 5 or more administrations of antiseizure medication. Results: A total of 218 patients were included, among whom 116 (53.2%) were male and the median (interquartile range) age was 4.0 (1.2-9.6) years. The RCSE started in the prehospital setting for 139 patients (63.8%). Seventy-four patients (33.9%) received their first-line benzodiazepine treatment in less than 10 minutes, and 144 (66.1%) received untimely first-line benzodiazepine treatment. Multivariate analysis showed that patients who received untimely first-line benzodiazepine treatment had higher odds of death (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 11.0; 95% CI, 1.43 to ∞; P = .02), had greater odds of receiving continuous infusion (AOR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.01-3.36; P = .047), had longer convulsive seizure duration (AOR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.38-4.88; P = .003), and had more frequent hypotension (AOR 2.3; 95% CI, 1.16-4.63; P = .02). In addition, the timing of the first-line benzodiazepine treatment was correlated with the timing of the second-line (95% CI, 0.64-0.95; P < .001) and third-line antiseizure medications (95% CI, 0.25-0.78; P < .001). Conclusions and Relevance: Among pediatric patients with RCSE, an untimely first-line benzodiazepine treatment is independently associated with a higher frequency of death, use of continuous infusions, longer convulsion duration, and more frequent hypotension. Results of this study raise the question as to whether poor outcomes could, in part, be prevented by earlier administration of treatment.
Importance: Treatment delay for seizures can lead to longer seizure duration. Whether treatment delay is associated with major adverse outcomes, such as death, remains unknown. Objective: To evaluate whether untimely first-line benzodiazepine treatment is associated with unfavorable short-term outcomes. Design, Setting, and Participants: This multicenter, observational, prospective cohort study included 218 pediatric patients admitted between June 1, 2011, and July 7, 2016, into the 11 tertiary hospitals in the United States within the Pediatric Status Epilepticus Research Group. Patients, ranging in age from 1 month to 21 years, with refractory convulsive status epilepticus (RCSE) that did not stop after the administration of at least 2 antiseizure medications were included. Patients were divided into 2 cohorts: those who received the first-line benzodiazepine treatment in less than 10 minutes and those who received it 10 or more minutes after seizure onset (untimely). Data were collected and analyzed from June 1, 2011, to July 7, 2016. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was death during the related hospital admission. The secondary outcome was the need for continuous infusion for seizure termination. Multivariate analysis of mortality controlled for structural cause, febrile RCSE, age, and previous neurological history (including previous RCSE events). Use of continuous infusions was additionally adjusted for generalized RCSE, continuous RCSE, and 5 or more administrations of antiseizure medication. Results: A total of 218 patients were included, among whom 116 (53.2%) were male and the median (interquartile range) age was 4.0 (1.2-9.6) years. The RCSE started in the prehospital setting for 139 patients (63.8%). Seventy-four patients (33.9%) received their first-line benzodiazepine treatment in less than 10 minutes, and 144 (66.1%) received untimely first-line benzodiazepine treatment. Multivariate analysis showed that patients who received untimely first-line benzodiazepine treatment had higher odds of death (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 11.0; 95% CI, 1.43 to ∞; P = .02), had greater odds of receiving continuous infusion (AOR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.01-3.36; P = .047), had longer convulsive seizure duration (AOR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.38-4.88; P = .003), and had more frequent hypotension (AOR 2.3; 95% CI, 1.16-4.63; P = .02). In addition, the timing of the first-line benzodiazepine treatment was correlated with the timing of the second-line (95% CI, 0.64-0.95; P < .001) and third-line antiseizure medications (95% CI, 0.25-0.78; P < .001). Conclusions and Relevance: Among pediatric patients with RCSE, an untimely first-line benzodiazepine treatment is independently associated with a higher frequency of death, use of continuous infusions, longer convulsion duration, and more frequent hypotension. Results of this study raise the question as to whether poor outcomes could, in part, be prevented by earlier administration of treatment.
Authors: Dominik Madžar; Anna Geyer; Ruben U Knappe; Stephanie Gollwitzer; Joji B Kuramatsu; Stefan T Gerner; Hajo M Hamer; Hagen B Huttner Journal: J Neurol Date: 2016-01-02 Impact factor: 4.849
Authors: Iván Sánchez Fernández; Nicholas S Abend; Satish Agadi; Sookee An; Ravindra Arya; Jessica L Carpenter; Kevin E Chapman; William D Gaillard; Tracy A Glauser; David B Goldstein; Joshua L Goldstein; Howard P Goodkin; Cecil D Hahn; Erin L Heinzen; Mohamad A Mikati; Katrina Peariso; John P Pestian; Margie Ream; James J Riviello; Robert C Tasker; Korwyn Williams; Tobias Loddenkemper Journal: Seizure Date: 2013-10-16 Impact factor: 3.184
Authors: Richard J Burman; Joshua S Selfe; John Hamin Lee; Maurits van den Berg; Alexandru Calin; Neela K Codadu; Rebecca Wright; Sarah E Newey; R Ryley Parrish; Arieh A Katz; Jo M Wilmshurst; Colin J Akerman; Andrew J Trevelyan; Joseph V Raimondo Journal: Brain Date: 2019-11-01 Impact factor: 13.501
Authors: Jaideep Kapur; Jordan Elm; James M Chamberlain; William Barsan; James Cloyd; Daniel Lowenstein; Shlomo Shinnar; Robin Conwit; Caitlyn Meinzer; Hannah Cock; Nathan Fountain; Jason T Connor; Robert Silbergleit Journal: N Engl J Med Date: 2019-11-28 Impact factor: 91.245
Authors: J S Gofshteyn; T Le; S Kessler; R Kamens; C Carr; W Gaetz; L Bloy; T P L Roberts; E S Schwartz; E D Marsh Journal: Epilepsy Res Date: 2019-06-17 Impact factor: 3.045
Authors: James M Chamberlain; Jaideep Kapur; Shlomo Shinnar; Jordan Elm; Maija Holsti; Lynn Babcock; Alex Rogers; William Barsan; James Cloyd; Daniel Lowenstein; Thomas P Bleck; Robin Conwit; Caitlyn Meinzer; Hannah Cock; Nathan B Fountain; Ellen Underwood; Jason T Connor; Robert Silbergleit Journal: Lancet Date: 2020-03-20 Impact factor: 79.321
Authors: Mauricio F Villamar; Aaron M Cook; Chenlu Ke; Yan Xu; Jordan L Clay; Katelyn S Dolbec; Rachel Ward-Mitchell; Larry B Goldstein; Meriem Bensalem-Owen Journal: Neurol Clin Pract Date: 2018-12
Authors: I Sánchez Fernández; M Gaínza-Lein; N S Abend; A E Anderson; R Arya; J N Brenton; J L Carpenter; K E Chapman; J Clark; W D Gaillard; T A Glauser; J L Goldstein; H P Goodkin; A R Helseth; M C Jackson; K Kapur; Y-C Lai; T L McDonough; M A Mikati; A Nayak; K Peariso; J J Riviello; R C Tasker; D Tchapyjnikov; A A Topjian; M S Wainwright; A Wilfong; K Williams; T Loddenkemper Journal: Neurology Date: 2018-04-11 Impact factor: 9.910
Authors: Alejandra Vasquez; Marina Gaínza-Lein; Nicholas S Abend; Marta Amengual-Gual; Anne Anderson; Ravindra Arya; J Nicholas Brenton; Jessica L Carpenter; Kevin Chapman; Justice Clark; Raquel Farias-Moeller; William D Gaillard; Tracy Glauser; Joshua L Goldstein; Howard P Goodkin; Rejean M Guerriero; Kush Kapur; Yi-Chen Lai; Tiffani L McDonough; Mohamad A Mikati; Lindsey A Morgan; Edward J Novotny; Adam P Ostendorf; Eric T Payne; Katrina Peariso; Juan Piantino; James J Riviello; Kumar Sannagowdara; Robert C Tasker; Dmitry Tchapyjnikov; Alexis Topjian; Mark S Wainwright; Angus Wilfong; Korwyn Williams; Tobias Loddenkemper Journal: Neurology Date: 2020-09-10 Impact factor: 9.910