The impact of pharmaceutical interventions on the rational use of proton pump inhibitors in a Chinese hospital.

BACKGROUND: The prescriptions of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) have raised concern due to both huge increase in medical expenditure and the possible long-term adverse events caused by them; therefore, an approach to taper off the irrational use of PPIs by patients is clinically warranted. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of pharmaceutical interventions on the rational use of PPIs. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A single-center, pre- to post-intervention study (pharmaceutical interventions group and control group) was performed in a Chinese hospital. Pharmaceutical interventions were performed in the post-intervention group, including educative group activities, real-time monitoring of clinical records and making recommendations to doctors on PPI prescriptions based on the criteria set at the beginning of the study. The number of patients with rational indication, the accuracy rate of administration route, the duration of therapy and the changes in total PPI costs, mean PPI costs, mean total drug costs and mean hospitalization costs were the main outcome measures.
RESULTS: A total of 285 patients were included in the study. After 6 months of interventions, significant improvements in the number of patients with rational indication were found (96.5% in the pharmaceutical interventions group vs 71.8% in the control group, P<0.01). The accuracy rate of administration route was increased (99.3% vs 73.2%, P<0.05), while the duration of therapy was decreased (7.9±0.5 vs 14.3±0.8, P<0.01). Pharmaceutical interventions led to significant reductions in mean PPIs costs, mean total drug costs and mean hospitalization costs (P<0.001).
CONCLUSION: This study provides important evidence on the beneficial effect of pharmaceutical interventions on enhancing the rational use of PPIs and substantial cost saving by increasing the number of patients with rational indication and reducing the risk for long-term adverse events.

Introduction

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are widely applied in the treatment of peptic ulcers and acid-related dyspepsia, which are one of the most commonly prescribed types of drugs in the world.1 Over the past several years, there has been a significant increase in their use. A newly published study has shown that use of PPIs in noninstitutionalized adults in the USA doubled from 3.9% in 1999 to 7.8% in 2012.2 According to a study from Batuwitage,3 24% of patients admitted to hospital were prescribed a PPI, but only 54% had a rational indication for PPI treatment in these patients. Patients receiving irrational PPIs for periods of time may be more susceptible to adverse events (AEs) such as respiratory infections, Clostridium difficile infections, bone fractures, vitamin B12 deficiency and hypomagnesemia.4 Furthermore, PPIs cost more than other acid inhibiting agents and the volume of prescribing has had a substantial impact on the health care cost in China.5

Since 2015, we have monitored the consumption of PPIs in our hospital and found a high level of prescriptions. There have been many aspects of inappropriate use of PPIs, such as an excess of drug prescriptions, the usage of doses higher than usual or long time of duration of therapy. The irrational use of PPI therapy may have a direct and serious impact on long-term patient care. The huge increase in prescriptions of PPIs should not be justified only by increased prevalence of acid-related diseases or extension of therapeutic indications.6

Previous studies have demonstrated successful interventions with many outcomes ranging from reduction of twice-daily dosing to once-daily dosing to full cessation of PPIs when not indicated.7,8 Other studies have demonstrated the cost-effectiveness and improvement in patient self-reported gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms.9 However, fewer data have been produced regarding the impact of pharmaceutical interventions on the rational use of PPIs. Moreover, the knowledge relating to cost–outcome of pharmaceutical interventions is scarce in China. This study was designed to evaluate whether pharmaceutical interventions have a significant influence on the rational use of PPIs and medication cost savings.

Patients and methods

We conducted a single-center, pre- to post-intervention study to evaluate the impact of pharmaceutical interventions on the rational use of PPIs. Participants were enrolled in Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, a 1800-bed South China teaching hospital in Hangzhou, serving over 95,000,000 patients in Zhejiang province. Patients who were admitted from June 1, 2016 to November 30, 2016, were enrolled in the control group, and patients admitted from February 1, 2017 to July 31, 2017, were enrolled in the pharmaceutical interventions group. Patients were eligible for inclusion if they were at least 18 years of age and had active orders for PPIs, with up-to-date results for their routine physical and laboratory tests in Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province. Patients with severe infections, liver failure and kidney disease, and patients declining to provide informed consent were excluded from our study. The Research Review committee of Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province approved the design of this study. Written informed consent was obtained from patients aged 18 or above to allow their information to be used for research.

The medical information of patients was identified through the Computerized Patient Record System, which listed all the information of inpatients who had received PPI therapy. Data on drug therapy and clinical condition were collected as follows: diagnoses, categories of PPIs, therapy indication, dosage, administration route, costs (costs of hospitalization, PPIs and other drugs), duration of therapy and comorbidities. The criteria for rational use of PPIs were established by the hospital administration with reference to the 201410 and 201711 evidence-based clinical practice guideline.

Pharmaceutical interventions

Patients enrolled in the control group received the usual care offered by the physicians, while patients in the pharmaceutical interventions group also received pharmaceutical intervention, besides the usual care. In this study, five clinical pharmacists were delegated by the Department of Hospital Administration to implement the interventions on the use of PPIs. During the course of pharmaceutical interventions, besides the daily round with the physician, educative group activities about the rational use of PPIs were carried out twice a month by clinical pharmacists. The activities discussed some themes such as indication of PPIs, dosage, administration route, new guidelines for PPIs and the risk of AEs. Presentations were made at the Department of Gastroenterology, the intensive care unit, the Department of Surgery and so on, with handouts left to be distributed to those not in attendance. During the pharmaceutical interventions, clinical pharmacists used an illustration to explain the rational use of PPIs, had a discussion with the doctor about the prescribed drugs and explained the pharmacologic characteristics of different PPIs and the possible drug interactions. After each intervention, the records about the acceptance rates of clinical pharmacist’s recommendations were established.

Outcome measures

The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of pharmaceutical interventions on the rational use of PPIs, the number of patients with rational indication, the accuracy rate of administration route, the change in total PPI costs, mean PPI costs, mean total drug costs, mean hospitalization costs and the duration of therapy, which were the main outcome measures. Secondary outcomes were prescriber acceptance rates and AEs between the two groups. All costs in Chinese Yuan currency were converted to US dollars (exchange rate, 6.3 Yuan = US$ 1).

Statistical analysis

Data are expressed as mean ± SD and analyzed using statistical analysis software (SPSS© Version 18.0). Chi-square test and Student’s t-test were performed to compare the groups. P-value <0.05 was statistically significant.

Results

Of the 295 patients assessed for eligibility, a total of 285 individuals completed this study; 142 were included in the control group and 143 in the pharmaceutical interventions group, as detailed in Figure 1. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in mean age, age bands, gender distribution and functional variables (Table 1). The mean age of the 143 patients in the pharmaceutical interventions group was 59.2±14.2 years; about 58.7% were female, 36.4% smoked tobacco and 24.5% consumed alcohol.

Figure 1

Flow chart of participants in the study.

Table 1

Demographics and clinical characteristics of the two groups of patients

Demographic characteristic	Pharmaceutical interventions group (N=143)	Control group (N=142)	P-value
Age, mean ± SD, years	59.2±14.2	58.4±13.5	0.747
Sex, n (%)
Female	84 (58.7)	83 (58.4)	0.935
Mean body mass index, kg/m2 (mean ± SD)	24.9±1.5	24.7±1.4	0.632
Tobacco use, n (%)	52 (36.4)	50 (35.2)	0.822
Alcohol use, n (%)	35 (24.5)	32 (22.5)	0.785
Hospitalization in previous 30 days, n (%)	22 (15.4)	20 (14.1)	0.755
Antibiotics in previous 14 days, n (%)	19 (13.3)	17 (12.0)	0.751
Mean no of complications
Neurological, n (%)	14 (9.8)	15 (10.5)	0.788
Respiratory, n (%)	17 (11.8)	19 (13.4)	0.749
CVD, n (%)	25 (17.5)	27 (19.0)	0.793

Abbreviation: CVD, cardiaovascular disease.

Of the 143 patients in the pharmaceutical interventions group, there were 138 patients (96.5%) with rational indication during 6 months of interventions, while in the control group, there were 102 patients (71.8%) with rational indication. This rate showed a statistically significantly improvement (P<0.05), representing an absolute risk reduction of 24.7%. After 6 months follow-up, compared with the control group, the accuracy rate of administration route increased significantly (99.3% vs 73.2%, P<0.05) and the duration of therapy decreased significantly (7.9±0.5 vs 14.3±0.8, P<0.01) in the pharmaceutical interventions group, as shown in Table 2. There were also more visible changes in different wards, with higher rates in gastroenterology, intensive care unit and surgery (Table 3). This could be attributed to the presentation and educative group activities, which were conducted by pharmacists in these three departments.

Table 2

The primary outcome measures of the two groups

Outcome measures	Pharmaceutical interventions group (N=143)	Control group (N=142)	P-value
Patients with rational indication, n (%)	138 (96.5)	102 (71.8)	0.0049
Patients with an accuracy of administration route, n (%)	142 (99.3)	104 (73.2)	0.0032
Duration of therapy (days), mean ± SD	7.9±0.5	14.3±0.8	0.0028
Recommendations	322	0

Table 3

Rational use of PPIs in different wards by the two groups

Ward	Pharmaceutical interventions group (N=143)		Control group (N=142)		P-value
	Number of patients	Rational use of PPIs, n (%)	Number of patients	Rational use of PPIs, n (%)
Endocrinology	9	6 (66.7)	11	5 (45.5)	0.042
Orthopedics	17	14 (82.4)	15	9 (60)	0.038
ICU	22	20 (90.9)	24	14 (58.3)	0.012
Gastroenterology	35	33 (94.3)	37	22 (59.5)	0.009
Surgery	28	27 (96.4)	24	9 (37.5)	0.005
Psychiatry	4	3 (75)	5	3 (60)	0.037
Neurology	20	17 (85)	18	14 (77.8)	0.078
Cardiology	8	7 (87.5)	8	5 (62.5)	0.043

Abbreviations: ICU, intensive care unit; PPIs, proton pump inhibitors.

The difference in total PPI cost between the control and pharmaceutical interventions groups was indicated by net cost reduction in PPI use during the intervention period, which was $11,614.19, as shown in Figure 2. The pharmaceutical interventions group had significantly lower mean PPI costs (P<0.001), mean total drug costs (P<0.001) and mean hospitalization costs (P<0.001) than the control group. However, no significant difference was found in the length of hospital stay between the two groups (Table 4).

Figure 2

Cost of PPI before and after pharmaceutical interventions.

Abbreviation: PPI, proton pump inhibitor.

Table 4

The medical cost: pre-intervention vs post-intervention

Cost (USD)	Pharmaceutical interventions group (N=143)	Control group (N=142)	P-value
Mean total hospitalization cost	1,328.4	1,795.2	<0.001
Mean total drug cost	598.5	824.9	<0.001
Mean PPI cost	91.9	332.8	<0.001
Mean hospitalization days	15.2	15.8	0.595

Abbreviation: PPI, proton pump inhibitor.

Secondary outcomes were prescriber acceptance rates and AEs between the two groups. A total of 322 recommendations were sent by clinical pharmacists during the study period; 288 of these recommendations were accepted, and thus, the prescriber acceptance rate of pharmacist recommendations was 89.4%. Compared with the control group, AEs in the pharmaceutical interventions group decreased significantly (7.69% vs 35.2%, P<0.01), as shown in Table 5.

Table 5

Rates of adverse events in the two groups during the study period

Adverse events	Pharmaceutical interventions group (N=143), n (%)	Control group (N=142), n (%)	P-value
Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea	3 (2.09)	14 (9.86)	0.0035
Patients treated for respiratory infections	2 (1.40)	15 (10.5)	0.0028
Hypomagnesemia	4 (2.79)	10 (7.04)	0.025
Skeletal muscle adverse reactions	1 (0.70)	6 (4.22)	0.0024
Psychiatric symptoms	1 (0.70)	5 (3.52)	0.047
Total	11 (7.69)	50 (35.2)	0.0015

Discussion

This study assessed the impact of pharmaceutical interventions on the rational use of PPIs. The results indicate that pharmaceutical interventions improved the number of patients with rational indication, increased the accuracy rate of administration route and decreased mean PPI costs, mean total drug costs, mean hospitalization costs and the duration of therapy over a 6-month period. By taking pharmaceutical rounds together with doctors and carrying out educative group activities in the process of pharmaceutical care, pharmaceutical interventions were able to provide a better support for the rational use of PPIs.

PPIs are one of the most prescribed drug categories worldwide. The most common irrational use of PPIs is overprescription (eg, without clear indication) rather than underprescription. According to a report by Zeng et al,12 there was an appreciable increase in PPI utilization by 10.4-fold during 2004 and 2013 in Chongqing district which was representative of China, and lack of monitoring of prescribing and the perverse incentives encouraging physicians to profit from drug procurement encouraged irrational prescribing. There are some studies documenting a high rate of irrational use of PPIs in patients, from 25% to 67%, depending on different clinical settings.13–15 In our study, the main irrational indications of PPIs in the control group were prevention of stress ulcer in low-risk patients and unwarranted gastro-protection, including different patients undergoing routine surgical procedures. Thus, we carried out a pre- to post-intervention study to evaluate the impact of pharmaceutical interventions on the rational use of PPIs. Our results showed that the number of patients with rational indication enrolled in the pharmaceutical interventions group increased significantly after 6-month interventions (96.5% vs 70.8%, P<0.01). This may be attributed to clinical pharmacists adopting an active pharmaceutical intervention strategy, which involved daily rounding and educative activities.

Considering the large population base in China, irrational PPI use may lead to escalation in prescribing care cost in China. Therefore, it is necessary to demonstrate cost-effective interventions and improve cost saving in PPI use in Chinese hospitals. Our results showed that substantial cost of PPIs and the economic burden of the patients in this study were significantly decreased by pharmaceutical interventions. Therefore, for promoting rational use of PPIs and reducing the economic burden of patients, it is urgent for the hospital administration to develop effective drug administration policy.

To our knowledge, this study is the first to evaluate the prescriber acceptance rates of pharmacist recommendations on the rational use of PPIs in Zhejiang province of China. It was found that 89.4% recommendations were accepted in the pharmaceutical interventions group. Accordingly, AEs in the pharmaceutical interventions group were decreased significantly. For every patient, the risk–benefit profile of PPIs should be carefully considered.16 The prescriptions of PPIs as well as all other drugs should be carefully evaluated by the doctors. Furthermore, every indication of drugs should be patient-based rather than only guideline-based.17 This study highlights that pharmaceutical intervention may be most effective with rational use of PPIs.

Limitations

While this study has a lot of methodological strengths, there are several limitations. This intervention study was based on a pre–post design, without involving a parallel control group, and the robustness of this pre–post study is debatable.18 Data of this study were obtained from a single center, and were of a short-term period and a relatively lower number of samples, so the patients may not fully represent the overall general population. Furthermore, evaluation of the rational use of PPIs was mainly based on the drug instructions and current guidelines; therefore, the estimates presented here are possibly conservative. Future study with a larger sample size and a more rigorous design needs to be performed. In spite of the limitations, this study has identified significant improvement on the rational use of PPIs, and it can provide comparative and feedback information in optimizing the use of PPIs.

Conclusion

This study with a pre- to post-intervention design provides important evidence on the beneficial effect of pharmaceutical interventions to enhance the rational use of PPIs. The pharmaceutical interventions may promote rational use of PPIs by increasing the number of patients with rational indication and reducing the costs of PPIs, costs of total drugs, costs of hospitalization and the risk for long-term AEs. To confirm the generalizability of our findings, a multicenter, prospective, randomized controlled study is warranted in large samples of patients.