Solid Phase Microextraction Techniques in Determination of Biomarkers.

The detection and quantification of biomarkers is gaining attention in medical research and diagnostics communities. Biomarkers cover a range from gases to biological macromolecules. Because of the nanomolar range levels of typical biomarkers in plasma, blood, urine, exhalation samples, and other biological fluids as well as complex matrix of biological media, adequate sample preparation methods should be used for quantification of biomarkers. The performance of an analytical method for biomarkers should support reproducible and accurate data. In the present paper, recent progress in well-established solid phase microextraction (SPME) methods for the clinical analysis are reviewed and discussed.