Laura M Lyall1, Cathy A Wyse2, Carlos A Celis-Morales3, Donald M Lyall4, Breda Cullen4, Daniel Mackay4, Joey Ward4, Nicholas Graham4, Rona J Strawbridge5, Jason M R Gill3, Amy Ferguson4, Mark E S Bailey6, Jill P Pell4, Annie M Curtis7, Daniel J Smith4. 1. Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK. Electronic address: laura.lyall@glasgow.ac.uk. 2. Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Dublin, Ireland; Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK. 3. Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK. 4. Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK. 5. Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. 6. School of Life Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK. 7. Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Dublin, Ireland.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: We examined whether seasonal variations in depressive symptoms occurred independently of demographic and lifestyle factors, and were related to change in day length and/or outdoor temperature. METHODS: In a cross-sectional analysis of >150,000 participants of the UK Biobank cohort, we used the cosinor method to assess evidence of seasonality of a total depressive symptoms score and of low mood, anhedonia, tenseness and tiredness scores in women and men. Associations of depressive symptoms with day length and mean outdoor temperature were then examined. RESULTS: Seasonality of total depressive symptom scores, anhedonia and tiredness scores was observed in women but not men, with peaks in winter. In women, increased day length was associated with reduced reporting of low mood and anhedonia, but with increased reporting of tiredness, independent of demographic and lifestyle factors. Associations with day length were not independent of the average outdoor temperature preceding assessment. LIMITATIONS: This was a cross-sectional investigation - longitudinal studies of within-subject seasonal variation in mood are necessary. Outcome measures relied on self-report and measured only a subset of depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION: This large, population-based study provides evidence of seasonal variation in depressive symptoms in women. Shorter days were associated with increased feelings of low mood and anhedonia in women. Clinicians should be aware of these population-level sex differences in seasonal mood variations in order to aid recognition and treatment of depression and subclinical depressive symptoms.
BACKGROUND: We examined whether seasonal variations in depressive symptoms occurred independently of demographic and lifestyle factors, and were related to change in day length and/or outdoor temperature. METHODS: In a cross-sectional analysis of >150,000 participants of the UK Biobank cohort, we used the cosinor method to assess evidence of seasonality of a total depressive symptoms score and of low mood, anhedonia, tenseness and tiredness scores in women and men. Associations of depressive symptoms with day length and mean outdoor temperature were then examined. RESULTS: Seasonality of total depressive symptom scores, anhedonia and tiredness scores was observed in women but not men, with peaks in winter. In women, increased day length was associated with reduced reporting of low mood and anhedonia, but with increased reporting of tiredness, independent of demographic and lifestyle factors. Associations with day length were not independent of the average outdoor temperature preceding assessment. LIMITATIONS: This was a cross-sectional investigation - longitudinal studies of within-subject seasonal variation in mood are necessary. Outcome measures relied on self-report and measured only a subset of depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION: This large, population-based study provides evidence of seasonal variation in depressive symptoms in women. Shorter days were associated with increased feelings of low mood and anhedonia in women. Clinicians should be aware of these population-level sex differences in seasonal mood variations in order to aid recognition and treatment of depression and subclinical depressive symptoms.
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Authors: Joey Ward; Laura M Lyall; Richard A I Bethlehem; Amy Ferguson; Rona J Strawbridge; Donald M Lyall; Breda Cullen; Nicholas Graham; Keira J A Johnston; Mark E S Bailey; Graham K Murray; Daniel J Smith Journal: Transl Psychiatry Date: 2019-12-04 Impact factor: 6.222